scholarly journals Delegated Expertise, Authority, and Communication

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 1349-1374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inga Deimen ◽  
Dezs˝o Szalay
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Strategic Communication ◽  
Communication Problems ◽  
Optimal Action

A decision maker needs to reach a decision and relies on an expert to acquire information. Ideal actions of expert and decision maker are partially aligned and the expert chooses what to learn about each. The decision maker can either get advice from the expert or delegate decision making to him. Under delegation, the expert learns his privately optimal action and chooses it. Under communication, advice based on such information is discounted, resulting in losses from strategic communication. We characterize the communication problems that make the expert acquire information of equal use to expert and decision maker. In these problems, communication outperforms delegation. (JEL D82, D83)

scholarly journals Strategic Information Acquisition and Transmission

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rossella Argenziano ◽  
Sergei Severinov ◽  
Francesco Squintani
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Information Acquisition ◽  
Organization Design ◽  
Strategic Communication ◽  
Strategic Information ◽  
Costly Information ◽  
Design Communication

This paper explores the implications of costly information acquisition in a strategic communication setting. We show that equilibrium decisions based on a biased expert's advice may be more precise than when information is directly acquired by the decision maker, even if the expert is not more efficient than the decision maker at acquiring information. This result bears important implications for organization design. Communication by an expert to a decision maker may often outperform delegation of the decision-making authority to the expert, as well as centralization by the decision maker of both information acquisition and decision-making authority. (JEL C72, D23, D82, D83)

scholarly journals Improved Q-Learning Algorithm Based on Approximate State Matching in Agricultural Plant Protection Environment

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 737
Author(s):  
Fengjie Sun ◽  
Xianchang Wang ◽  
Rui Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Optimal Policy ◽  
Feasible Solution ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Agricultural Plant ◽  
Q Learning ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Optimal Action

An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) can greatly reduce manpower in the agricultural plant protection such as watering, sowing, and pesticide spraying. It is essential to develop a Decision-making Support System (DSS) for UAVs to help them choose the correct action in states according to the policy. In an unknown environment, the method of formulating rules for UAVs to help them choose actions is not applicable, and it is a feasible solution to obtain the optimal policy through reinforcement learning. However, experiments show that the existing reinforcement learning algorithms cannot get the optimal policy for a UAV in the agricultural plant protection environment. In this work we propose an improved Q-learning algorithm based on similar state matching, and we prove theoretically that there has a greater probability for UAV choosing the optimal action according to the policy learned by the algorithm we proposed than the classic Q-learning algorithm in the agricultural plant protection environment. This proposed algorithm is implemented and tested on datasets that are evenly distributed based on real UAV parameters and real farm information. The performance evaluation of the algorithm is discussed in detail. Experimental results show that the algorithm we proposed can efficiently learn the optimal policy for UAVs in the agricultural plant protection environment.

A preliminary study of gray matter volume differences related to context-dependent and independent decision-making

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang Jinbo
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Decision Styles ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
Independent Decision

Facing the high degree of uncertainty of the environment, we have evolved two kinds of decision-making styles: context-dependent and context-independent decision. However, the underlying neural basis of these two kinds of decision styles was mostly unknown. Here, the cognitive bias task was applied to split participants into the context-independent decision-maker and context-dependent decision-maker based on the cognitive bias task scores. Then, we used voxel-based morphometry to directly investigate its underlying differences in gray matter volume. We found that the gray matter volume of the prefrontal cortex and parietal regions, such as inferior parietal lobule, was larger in context-dependent decision-makers than that of the context-independent decision-maker.

scholarly journals Cancer Patients: Their Desire for Information and Participation in Treatment Decisions

1989 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 260-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
H J Sutherland ◽  
H A Llewellyn-Thomas ◽  
G A Lockwood ◽  
D L Tritchler ◽  
J E Till
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Treatment Decisions ◽  
Autonomous Decision ◽  
Disclosure Of Information ◽  
Participation In Decision Making ◽  
Psychological Autonomy ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between cancer patients’ desire for information and their preference for participation in decision making has been examined. Approximately 77% of the 52 patients reported that they had participated in decision making to the extent that they wished, while most of the remaining 23% would have preferred an opportunity to have greater input. Although many of the patients actively sought information, a majority preferred the physician to assume the role of the primary decision maker. Ethically, the disclosure of information has been assumed to be necessary for autonomous decision making. Nevertheless, the results of this study indicate that patients may actively seek information to satisfy an as yet unidentified aspect of psychological autonomy that does not necessarily include participation in decision making.

scholarly journals VERBAL DECISION MAKING ANALYSIS

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
Dmitry Kochin ◽  
Leonas Ustinovičius
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Analysis ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Mathematical Proof ◽  
Preference Elicitation ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Analysis Methods ◽  
Verbal Decision Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Approaches

The paper presents the ideology of a qualitative approach to decision making ‐ verbal decision analysis. The authors have analyzed existing quantitative approaches and pointed out their main disadvantages. They formulated the requirements for decision‐making methods taking into account these disadvantages: psychological correctness of a dialog with decision maker (DM), strict mathematical proof of the methods and checking of DM information for consistency. The authors present the results of research on psychological correctness of operations of preference elicitation from DM. Several existing verbal decision analysis methods are briefly mentioned.

scholarly journals Consent to Treatment and Anamnesis as Problem of Communication with Minor Patients in Healthcare Decision-Making

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Karina Palkova ◽  
Svetlana Semaka
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Medical Professional ◽  
Medical Services ◽  
Medical Professionals ◽  
Healthcare Decision ◽  
Communication Problems ◽  
Legal Relationship ◽  
Healthcare Decision Making ◽  
Consent To Treatment ◽  
Insight Into

Lately lawyers and medical professionals pay more attention too the process of minor patient healthcare. The research shall address the issues of legal relationship between minor patients and medical professionals, consent to treatment of minor patients and communication problems including the scope of information which the doctor can provide to the minor patient’s relatives to protect themselves and patients. Legislation prescribes that the information provided by the medical professional to the minor patient must be not only easy-to-understand, but also be consistent with the patient’s age maturity. However, in Latvia, for example, there are no guidelines that specify how medical professionals can determine the patient’s maturity. In the course of provision of medical services to the minor persons legal disputes involving communiucation failures between the minor patients, their relatives, legal representatives and the doctors arise increasingly frequently. The research will look into issue of communication problems in healthcare. The aim of the research is to provide insight into challenges of legal relations betweem minor patients and medical professionals and communication problems in healthcare.

scholarly journals A Woman as a Decision-Maker: Exploring the "Lived Experience" at Home and Outside

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray Titus ◽  
Debashish Sengupta ◽  
Sahana Madan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Lived Experience ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Level Of Involvement ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Women In India ◽  
At Home

In this research paper, we look at decision-making by women in India from a contextual perspective. This study looks at decision making by women as based on four possible contexts that may arise, and where decisions are called for. These contexts are qualified based on two broad parameters, namely the level of involvement (dictated by the stakes at play) and the predisposition displayed. Involvement is qualified as high or low (on a continuum), whilst predisposition is stated as either cognitive or affective. The results of the research study reveal a difficult act of balancing that women have to do in terms of decision making at home. They need to get their decisions, whether it is about their career, or their choice of mate, about home, marriage, children ratified by their husbands or parents, women also try to ensure that such decisions do not reflect poorly on their homes. This calls for them to balance between options and often sacrifice their self-interest in the interest of their “home.”

scholarly journals Transitions in decision-making authority at the end of life: a problem of law, ethics and practice in deceased donation

2020 ◽  
pp. medethics-2020-106572
Author(s):  
Shih-Ning Then ◽  
Dominique E Martin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Organ Donation ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Legal Authority ◽  
Time Of Death ◽  
Medical Decisions ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Decision Making Capacity ◽  
Practical Implications

Where a person is unable to make medical decisions for themselves, law and practice allows others to make decisions on their behalf. This is common at the end of a person’s life where decision-making capacity is often lost. A further, and separate, decision that is often considered at the time of death (and often preceding death) is whether the person wanted to act as an organ or tissue donor. However, in some jurisdictions, the lawful decision-maker for the donation decision (the ‘donation decision-maker’) is different from the person who was granted decision-making authority for medical decisions during the person’s life. To date, little attention has been given in the literature to the ethical concerns and practical problems that arise where this shift in legal authority occurs. Such a change in decision-making authority is particularly problematic where premortem measures are suggested to maximise the chances of a successful organ donation. This paper examines this shift in decision-making authority and discusses the legal, ethical and practical implications of such frameworks.

scholarly journals Fixation patterns in simple choice reflect optimal information sampling

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Callaway ◽  
Antonio Rangel ◽  
Tom Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Sequential Sampling ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Information Sampling ◽  
Optimal Information

When faced with a decision between several options, people rarely fully consider every alternative. Instead, we direct our attention to the most promising candidates, focusing our limited cognitive resources on evaluating the options that we are most likely to choose. A growing body of empirical work has shown that attention plays an important role in human decision making, but it is still unclear how people choose with option to attend to at each moment in the decision making process. In this paper, we present an analysis of how a rational decision maker should allocate her attention. We cast attention allocation in decision making as a sequential sampling problem, in which the decision maker iteratively selects from which distribution to sample in order to update her beliefs about the values of the available alternatives. By approximating the optimal solution to this problem, we derive a model in which both the selection and integration of evidence are rational. This model predicts choices and reaction times, as well as sequences of visual fixations. Applying the model to a ternary-choice dataset, we find that its predictions align well with human data.

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