Effects of 2-{4-(2-Imidazo[1,2-a]Pyridyl)Phenyl} Propionic Acid (Y-9213) and Anti-Inflammatory Drugs on Erythrocytes, Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes and Lysosomes in Vitro

Background: A variety of medications are administered to the intra-articular space for the relief of joint pain. While amide-type local anesthetics have been extensively studied, there is minimal information regarding the potential chondrotoxicity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioid medications. Purpose: To investigate the in vitro chondrotoxicity of single-dose equivalent concentrations of ketorolac, morphine, meperidine, and fentanyl on human chondrocytes. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Human cartilage was arthroscopically harvested from the intercondylar notch and expanded in vitro. Gene expression of cultured chondrocytes before treatment was performed with quantitative polymerase chain reaction for type I collagen, type II collagen, aggrecan, and SOX9. Chondrocytes were then exposed to 0.01%, 0.02%, and 0.04% morphine sulfate; 0.3% and 0.6% ketorolac tromethamine; 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% meperidine hydrochloride; 0.0005% and 0.001% fentanyl citrate; and saline. A custom bioreactor was used to constantly deliver medications, with the dosage of each medication and the duration of exposure based on standard dose equivalents, medication half-lives, and differences in the surface area between the 6-well plates and the native joint surface. After treatment, a live/dead assay was used to assess chondrocyte viability and if minimal cell death was detected. A subset of samples after treatment was maintained to analyze for possible delayed cell death. Results: All tested concentrations of ketorolac and meperidine caused significantly increased cell death versus the saline control, demonstrating a dose-response relationship. The morphine and fentanyl groups did not show increased chondrotoxicity compared with the saline group, even after 2 weeks of additional culture. Conclusion: In vitro exposure of chondrocytes to single-dose equivalent concentrations of either ketorolac or meperidine demonstrated significant chondrotoxicity, while exposure to morphine or fentanyl did not lead to increased cell death.

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Antimicrobial Activity of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs on Biofilm: Current Evidence and Potential for Drug Repurposing

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2021.707629 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Rodrigo Cuiabano Paes Leme ◽

Raquel Bandeira da Silva

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Species ◽

Drug Repurposing ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Pharmacokinetic Studies ◽

Bacterial Populations ◽

Human Pharmacokinetic ◽

Inflammatory Drugs ◽

Anti Inflammatory

It has been demonstrated that some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), like acetylsalicylic acid, diclofenac, and ibuprofen, have anti-biofilm activity in concentrations found in human pharmacokinetic studies, which could fuel an interest in repurposing these well tolerated drugs as adjunctive therapies for biofilm-related infections. Here we sought to review the currently available data on the anti-biofilm activity of NSAIDs and its relevance in a clinical context. We performed a systematic literature review to identify the most commonly tested NSAIDs drugs in the last 5 years, the bacterial species that have demonstrated to be responsive to their actions, and the emergence of resistance to these molecules. We found that most studies investigating NSAIDs’ activity against biofilms were in vitro, and frequently tested non-clinical bacterial isolates, which may not adequately represent the bacterial populations that cause clinically-relevant biofilm-related infections. Furthermore, studies concerning NSAIDs and antibiotic resistance are scarce, with divergent outcomes. Although the potential to use NSAIDs to control biofilm-related infections seems to be an exciting avenue, there is a paucity of studies that tested these drugs using appropriate in vivo models of biofilm infections or in controlled human clinical trials to support their repurposing as anti-biofilm agents.

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Human iPSC-derived brain endothelial microvessels in a multi-well format enable permeability screens of anti-inflammatory drugs

10.1101/2021.05.03.442133 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sven Fengler ◽

Birgit Kurkowsky ◽

Sanjeev Kumar Kaushalya ◽

Wera Roth ◽

Philip Denner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cell ◽

Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell ◽

Barrier Properties ◽

Brain Diseases ◽

Rapid Screening ◽

Sodium Fluorescein ◽

Inflammatory Drugs ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Optimizing drug candidates for blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration in humans remains one of the key challenges and many devastating brain diseases including neurodegenerative diseases still do not have adequate treatments. So far, it has been difficult to establish state-of-the-art human stem cell derived in vitro models that mimic physiological barrier properties including a 3D microvasculature in a format that is scalable enough to screen drugs for BBB penetration in early drug development phases. To address this challenge, we established human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived brain endothelial microvessels in a standardized and scalable multi-well plate format. iPSC-derived brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) were supplemented with primary cell conditioned media and grew to intact microvessels in 10 days of culturing. Produced microvessels show a typical BBB phenotype including endothelial protein expression, tight-junctions and polarized localization of efflux transporter. Microvessels exhibited physiological relevant trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER), were leak tight for 10 kDa dextran-Alexa 647 and strongly limited the permeability of sodium fluorescein (NaF). Permeability tests with reference compounds confirmed the suitability of our model as platform to identify potential BBB penetrating anti-inflammatory drugs. In summary, the here presented brain microvessel platform recapitulates physiological properties and allows rapid screening of BBB permeable anti-inflammatory compounds that has been suggested as promising substances to cure so far untreatable neurodegenerative diseases.

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