scholarly journals Lung surfactants. III. Correlations among activities in vitro in situ and in vivo, and chemical composition.

1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 4110-4115 ◽  
Author(s):  
YUJI TANAKA ◽  
TSUNETOMO TAKEI ◽  
KAZUO MASUDA
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Lung Surfactants

scholarly journals Comparison of methods used to predict the in vivo digestibility of feeds in ruminants

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 825 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kitessa ◽  
G. G. Irish ◽  
P. C. Flinn
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Feed Samples

Digestibility is a very useful index of the energy content of ruminant feeds, but cheaper and quicker laboratory methods are required as an alternative to the ultimate measure of in vivo digestibility using animals. These methods involve either prediction of digestibility from chemical composition or in vitro and in situ simulation of the digestion process. This review presents a range of chemical and in vitro techniques for predicting digestibility, together with an assessment of their advantages and limitations, particularly the degree to which they account for the sources of variation in in vivo digestibility in ruminants. In situ digestion of feed samples in the actual rumen environment is probably the most accurate of the non in vivo procedures, but is not suitable for routine application. Thein vitro gas production technique offers no advantages in prediction of total tract digestibility, but is useful for screening cereal grains for rate of starch hydrolysis in the rumen. The preferred procedure for routine laboratory prediction of digestibility is the pepsin-cellulase technique, provided amylase is included or high temperature digestion is used for samples high in starch content. Prediction of digestibility from chemical composition is not recommended. The optical technique of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy can be calibrated against any of the methods outlined in this review, and is unsurpassed in terms of speed and repeatability. Direct NIR prediction of in vivo digestibility is also possible, but is limited by the lack of adequate numbers of feed samples with known in vivo values. Future work should be aimed at filling this gap and also improving the accuracy of laboratory methods for predicting the digestibility of low quality feeds.

scholarly journals In Vitro Neutral Detergent Cellulase Method and Chemical Composition to Predict In Vivo Fermentable Organic Matter of Roughages

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1594
Author(s):  
Yue Liu ◽  
Rui Li ◽  
Hao Wu ◽  
Qingxiang Meng ◽  
Muhammad Zahoor Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Correlation Equations ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
Current Experiment

In vivo fermentable organic matter (FOM) reflects the energy production and the potential of rumen’s microbial protein synthesis. However, the in vivo method with fistulated animals for FOM measurement compromises animal welfare and is laborious as well as expensive. Although the alternative in situ nylon bag technique has been widely used, it is also costly and requires rumen liquor. Therefore, the present study was performed to compare the in situ nylon bag technique with the in vitro neutral detergent cellulase (NDC) method or chemical composition to estimate in vivo FOM of roughages. For this purpose, we selected 12 roughages, including six each from forages and crop residues. Our results have shown the strong correlation equations between FOMin situ and FOMNDCFOM NDC of forages (n =6; R2 = 0.79), crop residues (n =6; R2 = 0.80), and roughages (n = 12; R2 = 0.84), respectively. Moreover, there were also strong correlations between the chemical composition of roughages and FOMin situ(n = 12; R2 = 0.84–0.93) or FOMNDC (n = 12; R2 = 0.79–0.89). In conclusion, the in vitro NDC method and chemical composition were alternatives to in situ nylon bag technique for predicting in vivo FOM of roughages in the current experiment.

In vitro and in vivo polysaccharides assembly: ultrastructural and cytochemical study of growing plant cell wall components.

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 434-435
Author(s):  
D. Reis ◽  
B. Vian ◽  
J. C. Roland
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cytochemical Study ◽  
Wall Components

Wall morphogenesis in higher plants is a problem still open to controversy. Until now the possibility of a transmembrane control and the involvement of microtubules were mostly envisaged. Self-assembly processes have been observed in the case of walls of Chlamydomonas and bacteria. Spontaneous gelling interactions between xanthan and galactomannan from Ceratonia have been analyzed very recently. The present work provides indications that some processes of spontaneous aggregation could occur in higher plants during the formation and expansion of cell wall.Observations were performed on hypocotyl of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus) for which growth characteristics and wall composition have been previously defined.In situ, the walls of actively growing cells (primary walls) show an ordered three-dimensional organization (fig. 1). The wall is typically polylamellate with multifibrillar layers alternately transverse and longitudinal. Between these layers intermediate strata exist in which the orientation of microfibrils progressively rotates. Thus a progressive change in the morphogenetic activity occurs.

Protective Effect of Boswellic Resin Against Memory Loss and Alzheimer’s Induced by Aluminum Tetrachloride and D-Galactose (Experimental study in Mice)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Zerrouki ◽  
N. Djebli ◽  
L. Gadouche ◽  
I. Erdogan Orhan ◽  
F. SezerSenol Deniz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Total Extract ◽  
Swiss Mice ◽  
Octyl Acetate

Nowadays, because of the industrialization, a lot of contaminant were available ; the consequences of this availability are apparition of diseases including neurodegeneration. Neurodegenerative diseases of the human brain comprise a variety of disorders that affect an increasing percentage of the population. This study is based on the effect of the Boswellic resin, which is from a medicinal plant and known for its antioxidant effects on nerve cell damage. The objective of this work was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo effects of the Boswellic resin on anticholinesterase activity and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) induced by D-galactose and aluminum tetrachloride in Swiss mice. Chemical composition of the resin essential oil was identified by the CG-MS analysis. The antioxidant activity was also assessed by the DMPD and metal chelation methods. In order to understand the mechanism of memory improvement, the acetylcholinesterase, AChE, and butyrylcholinesterase, BChE, inhibitory assays were performed. In vivo part of the study was achieved on Swiss mice divided into four groups: control, AD model, treated AD, and treated control group. The identification of chemical composition by CG-MS reach the 89.67% of the total extract compounds presented some very important molecules (p-Cymene, n-Octyl acetate, α-Pinene…). The present study proves that Boswellic resin improves memory and learning in treated Alzheimer’s group, modulates the oxidative stress and be involved in the protective effect against amyloid deposition and neurodegeneration, and stimulates the immune system in mice’s brain.

Evaluation of Structure-Controlled Silk Fibroin Coatings for Orthopedic Infection and In-Situ Osteogenesis: In Vitro and In Vivo

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenhao Zhou ◽  
Teng Zhang ◽  
Jianglong Yan ◽  
QiYao Li ◽  
Panpan Xiong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silk Fibroin ◽  
Orthopedic Infection

scholarly journals Development of In Situ Self-Assembly Nanoparticles to Encapsulate Lopinavir and Ritonavir for Long-Acting Subcutaneous Injection

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 904
Author(s):  
Irin Tanaudommongkon ◽  
Asama Tanaudommongkon ◽  
Xiaowei Dong
Keyword(s):  
Sustained Release ◽  
Trough Concentration ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Subcutaneous Injection ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Entrapment Efficiency ◽  
Long Acting

Most antiretroviral medications for human immunodeficiency virus treatment and prevention require high levels of patient adherence, such that medications need to be administered daily without missing doses. Here, a long-acting subcutaneous injection of lopinavir (LPV) in combination with ritonavir (RTV) using in situ self-assembly nanoparticles (ISNPs) was developed to potentially overcome adherence barriers. The ISNP approach can improve the pharmacokinetic profiles of the drugs. The ISNPs were characterized in terms of particle size, drug entrapment efficiency, drug loading, in vitro release study, and in vivo pharmacokinetic study. LPV/RTV ISNPs were 167.8 nm in size, with a polydispersity index of less than 0.35. The entrapment efficiency was over 98% for both LPV and RTV, with drug loadings of 25% LPV and 6.3% RTV. A slow release rate of LPV was observed at about 20% on day 5, followed by a sustained release beyond 14 days. RTV released faster than LPV in the first 5 days and slower than LPV thereafter. LPV trough concentration remained above 160 ng/mL and RTV trough concentration was above 50 ng/mL after 6 days with one subcutaneous injection. Overall, the ISNP-based LPV/RTV injection showed sustained release profiles in both in vitro and in vivo studies.

scholarly journals Establishment of MHHi001-A-5, a GCaMP6f and RedStar dual reporter human iPSC line for in vitro and in vivo characterization and in situ tracing of iPSC derivatives

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 102206
Author(s):  
Alexandra Haase ◽  
Tim Kohrn ◽  
Veronika Fricke ◽  
Maria Elena Ricci Signorini ◽  
Merlin Witte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ipsc Line ◽  
Dual Reporter ◽  
In Vivo Characterization ◽  
Human Ipsc
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