scholarly journals Reproducible Biphasic Cutaneous Edema Induced by Topical and Repeated Application of Antigen in Sensitized Mice.

2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 432-437
Author(s):  
Isao MIYAKE ◽  
Takeshi NABE ◽  
Hideki YAMAMURA ◽  
Shigekatsu KOHNO
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Application

Estimation of Regional Parameters in a Macro Scale Hydrological Model

2001 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kolbjørn Engeland ◽  
Lars Gottschalk ◽  
Lena Tallaksen
Keyword(s):  
Additional Data ◽  
Hydrological Model ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Repeated Application ◽  
Landscape Characteristics ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Model Element ◽  
Regular Sampling

Macro-scale hydrological modelling implies a repeated application of a model within an area using regional parameters. These parameters are based on climate and landscape characteristics, and they are used to calculate the water balance in ungauged areas. The regional parameters ought to be robust and not too dependent of the catchment and time period used for calibration. The ECOMAG model is applied for the NOPEX-region as a macro-scale hydrological model distributed on a 2×2 km2 grid. Each model element is assigned parameters according to soil and vegetation classes. A Bayesian methodology is followed. An objective function describing the fit between observed and simulated values is used to describe the likelihood of the parameters. Using Baye's theorem these likelihoods are used to update the probability distributions of the parameters using additional data, being it either an additional year of streamflow or an additional streamflow station. Two sampling methods are used, regular sampling and Metropolis-Hastings sampling. The results show that regional parameters exist according to some predefined criteria. The probability distribution of the parameters shows a decreasing variance as data from new catchments are used for updating. A few parameters do, however, not exhibit this property, and they are therefore not suitable in a regional context.

The Powers Metaphysic

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil E. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Potential Interaction ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Repeated Application ◽  
Fundamental Ontology ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Foundational Ontology ◽  
Interaction Types

Systematic metaphysics is defined by its task of solving metaphysical problems through the repeated application of a single, fundamental ontology. The dominant contemporary metaphysic is that of neo-Humeanism, built on a static ontology typified by its rejection of basic causal and modal features. This book offers and develops a radically distinct metaphysic, one that turns the status quo on its head. Starting with a foundational ontology of inherently causal properties known as ‘powers’, a metaphysic is developed that appeals to powers in explanations of causation, persistence, laws, and modality. Powers are properties that have their causal natures internal to them: they are responsible for the effects in the world. A unique account of powers is developed that understands this internal nature in terms of a blueprint of potential interaction types. After the presentation of the powers ontology, it is put to work in offering solutions to broad metaphysical puzzles, some of which take on different forms in light of the new tools that are available. The defence of the ontology comes from the virtues of metaphysic it can be used to develop. Particular attention is paid to the problems of causation and persistence, simultaneously solving them as it casts them in a new light. The resultant powers metaphysic is offered as a systematic alternative to neo-Humeanism.

Repeated Application of Emla Cream 5% for the Alleviation of Cannulation Pain in Haemodialysis

1989 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Wehle ◽  
M. Björnström ◽  
M. Cedgård ◽  
K. Danielsson ◽  
A. Ekernäs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Application ◽  
Emla Cream

scholarly journals The response of soil and phyllosphere microbial communities to repeated application of the fungicide iprodione: accelerated biodegradation or toxicity?

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Katsoula ◽  
S Vasileiadis ◽  
M Sapountzi ◽  
Dimitrios G Karpouzas
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Soil Microorganisms ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Repeated Application ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Soil System ◽  
Plant Soil

ABSTRACT Pesticides interact with microorganisms in various ways with the outcome being negative or positive for the soil microbiota. Pesticides' effects on soil microorganisms have been studied extensively in soil but not in other pesticides-exposed microbial habitats like the phyllosphere. We tested the hypothesis that soil and phyllosphere support distinct microbial communities, but exhibit a similar response (accelerated biodegradation or toxicity) to repeated exposure to the fungicide iprodione. Pepper plants received four repeated foliage or soil applications of iprodione, which accelerated its degradation in soil (DT50_1st = 1.23 and DT50_4th = 0.48 days) and on plant leaves (DT50_1st > 365 and DT50_4th = 5.95 days). The composition of the epiphytic and soil bacterial and fungal communities, determined by amplicon sequencing, was significantly altered by iprodione. The archaeal epiphytic and soil communities responded differently; the former showed no response to iprodione. Three iprodione-degrading Paenarthrobacter strains were isolated from soil and phyllosphere. They hydrolyzed iprodione to 3,5-dichloraniline via the formation of 3,5-dichlorophenyl-carboxiamide and 3,5-dichlorophenylurea-acetate, a pathway shared by other soil-derived arthrobacters implying a phylogenetic specialization in iprodione biotransformation. Our results suggest that iprodione-repeated application could affect soil and epiphytic microbial communities with implications for the homeostasis of the plant–soil system and agricultural production.

Metal wire cutting by repeated application of low‐power laser pulses

1992 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 3516-3518
Author(s):  
Joseph B. Bernstein ◽  
Simon S. Cohen ◽  
Peter W. Wyatt
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Laser Pulses ◽  
Metal Wire ◽  
Repeated Application ◽  
Power Laser ◽  
Wire Cutting
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