scholarly journals The Molecular Mechanisms of Messenger RNA Nuclear Export.

2000 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 227-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikiko C. Siomi
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Export ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms

scholarly journals The crucial roles of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification in the carcinogenesis and progression of colorectal cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhihao Fang ◽  
Yiqiu Hu ◽  
Jinhui Hu ◽  
Yanqin Huang ◽  
Shu Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Nuclear Export ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Regulatory Proteins ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Common Cancer ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Regulated Gene Expression

AbstractAs the predominant modification in RNA, N6-methyladenosine (m6A) has attracted increasing attention in the past few years since it plays vital roles in many biological processes. This chemical modification is dynamic, reversible and regulated by several methyltransferases, demethylases and proteins that recognize m6A modification. M6A modification exists in messenger RNA and affects their splicing, nuclear export, stability, decay, and translation, thereby modulating gene expression. Besides, the existence of m6A in noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) could also directly or indirectly regulated gene expression. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common cancer around the world and of high mortality. Increasing evidence have shown that the changes of m6A level and the dysregulation of m6A regulatory proteins have been implicated in CRC carcinogenesis and progression. However, the underlying regulation laws of m6A modification to CRC remain elusive and better understanding of these mechanisms will benefit the diagnosis and therapy. In the present review, the latest studies about the dysregulation of m6A and its regulators in CRC have been summarized. We will focus on the crucial roles of m6A modification in the carcinogenesis and development of CRC. Moreover, we will also discuss the potential applications of m6A modification in CRC diagnosis and therapeutics.

scholarly journals Nuclear Export of Messenger RNA

Genes ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Katahira
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Export ◽  
Messenger Rna

scholarly journals Autographa californica Nucleopolyhedrovirus AC141 (Exon0), a Potential E3 Ubiquitin Ligase, Interacts with Viral Ubiquitin and AC66 To Facilitate Nucleocapsid Egress

2017 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siddhartha Biswas ◽  
Leslie G. Willis ◽  
Minggang Fang ◽  
Yingchao Nie ◽  
David A. Theilmann
Keyword(s):  
Ubiquitin Ligase ◽  
Nuclear Export ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Nuclear Periphery ◽  
E3 Ubiquitin Ligase ◽  
Autographa Californica ◽  
Nucleocapsid Proteins ◽  
Systemic Spread ◽  
Autographa Californica Nucleopolyhedrovirus ◽  
Budded Virus

ABSTRACTDuring the infection cycle of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), two forms of virions are produced, budded virus (BV) and occlusion-derived virus (ODV). Nucleocapsids that form BV have to egress from the nucleus, whereas nucleocapsids that form ODV remain inside the nucleus. The molecular mechanism that determines whether nucleocapsids remain inside or egress from the nucleus is unknown. AC141 (a predicted E3 ubiquitin ligase) and viral ubiquitin (vUbi) have both been shown to be required for efficient BV production. In this study, it was hypothesized that vUbi interacts with AC141, and in addition, that this interaction was required for BV production. Deletion of bothac141andvubirestricted viral infection to a single cell, and BV production was completely eliminated. AC141 was ubiquitinated by either vUbi or cellular Ubi, and this interaction was required for optimal BV production. Nucleocapsids in BV, but not ODV, were shown to be specifically ubiquitinated by vUbi, including a 100-kDa protein, as well as high-molecular-weight conjugates. The viral ubiquitinated 100-kDa BV-specific nucleocapsid protein was identified as AC66, which is known to be required for BV production and was shown by coimmunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry to interact with AC141. Confocal microscopy also showed that AC141, AC66, and vUbi interact at the nuclear periphery. These results suggest that ubiquitination of nucleocapsid proteins by vUbi functions as a signal to determine if a nucleocapsid will egress from the nucleus and form BV or remain in the nucleus to form ODV.IMPORTANCEBaculoviruses produce two types of virions called occlusion-derived virus (ODV) and budded virus (BV). ODVs are required for oral infection, whereas BV enables the systemic spread of virus to all host tissues, which is critical for killing insects. One of the important steps for BV production is the export of nucleocapsids out of the nucleus. This study investigated the molecular mechanisms that enable the selection of nucleocapsids for nuclear export instead of being retained within the nucleus, where they would become ODV. Our data show that ubiquitination, a universal cellular process, specifically tags nucleocapsids of BV, but not those found in ODV, using a virus-encoded ubiquitin (vUbi). Therefore, ubiquitination may be the molecular signal that determines if a nucleocapsid is destined to form a BV, thus ensuring lethal infection of the host.

scholarly journals SR proteins: To shuttle or not to shuttle, that is the question

2017 ◽  
Vol 216 (7) ◽  
pp. 1875-1877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Louise Hammarskjold ◽  
David Rekosh
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Export ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Sr Proteins ◽  
P19 Cells ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Cell Biol

Serine- and arginine-rich proteins play important roles in splicing, nuclear export, and translation. In this issue, Botti et al. (2017. J. Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201610051) show that SRSF2 and SRSF5, previously thought to be nuclear, shuttle with messenger RNA to the cytoplasm in pluripotent P19 cells, but not in differentiated cells.

scholarly journals Interleukin 26 Skews Macrophage Polarization Towards M1 Phenotype by Activating cJUN and the NF-κB Pathway

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 938
Author(s):  
Yi-Hsuan Lin ◽  
Yi-Hsun Wang ◽  
Yi-Jen Peng ◽  
Feng-Cheng Liu ◽  
Gu-Jiun Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Macrophage Polarization ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
M2 Macrophage ◽  
Macrophage Differentiation ◽  
Macrophage Cells ◽  
M1 Macrophage ◽  
Interleukin 26

Interleukin 26 (IL-26) is a new member of the IL-10 family that is highly expressed in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the functions of IL-26 produced by macrophages in RA have not been elucidated. In the present work, we evaluated the effects and the mechanisms of IL-26 on M1 and M2 macrophage differentiation. Human or mouse macrophage cells were treated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS), interferon gamma (IFNγ), or IL-4 alone or concurrently treated with IL-26 to monitor M1 or M2 macrophage subtypes. The expression level of M1 or M2 macrophage genes was evaluated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The molecular mechanisms of downstream signaling activation during differentiation were investigated by immunoblotting assay. Our results found that IL-26 promoted macrophage cells from CD80+ M1 macrophage differentiation, not from the CD206+ M2 phenotype. The messenger RNA of M1-type macrophage markers tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was up-regulated in the IL-26-treated group. Also, the M1-related proinflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-6 were induced after IL-26 stimulation. Interestingly, IL-10, a cytokine marker of M2 macrophage, was also elevated after IL-26 stimulation. Moreover, the M1-like macrophage stimulated by IL-26 underwent cJUN, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) activation. Our findings suggested the role of IL-26 in synovial macrophages of active rheumatoid arthritis and provided a new insight into IL-26 as a candidate therapeutic target in rheumatoid arthritis.

scholarly journals The coupling of translational control and stress responses

2020 ◽  
Vol 168 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Houston ◽  
Shiori Sekine ◽  
Yusuke Sekine
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Translational Control ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Translation Rate ◽  
Nucleolar Stress ◽  
Multistep Process ◽  
Aminoacyl Transfer

Abstract The translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) into protein is a multistep process by which genetic information transcribed into an mRNA is decoded to produce a specific polypeptide chain of amino acids. Ribosomes play a central role in translation by coordinately working with various translation regulatory factors and aminoacyl-transfer RNAs. Various stresses attenuate the ribosomal synthesis in the nucleolus as well as the translation rate in the cytosol. To efficiently reallocate cellular energy and resources, mammalian cells are endowed with mechanisms that directly link the suppression of translation-related processes to the activation of stress adaptation programmes. This review focuses on the integrated stress response (ISR) and the nucleolar stress response (NSR) both of which are activated by various stressors and selectively upregulate stress-responsive transcription factors. Emerging findings have delineated the detailed molecular mechanisms of the ISR and NSR and expanded their physiological and pathological significances.

R432 – Gene Expression of the Remodeling Rat Vocal Fold Wound

2008 ◽  
Vol 139 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. P189-P189
Author(s):  
Tsunehisa Ohno ◽  
Lesley C. French ◽  
Bernard Rousseau
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Vocal Fold ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Type I ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Procollagen Type ◽  
Procollagen Type I

Problem The authors investigated the expression of key extracellular matrix genes after vocal fold wounding in a rat model to better understand the reparative mechanisms of tissue repair during the remodeling phase of vocal fold injury. Methods Bilateral vocal fold wounds were created in 30 rats. Injured vocal fold specimens were harvested 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days after wounding. 5 unwounded rats were used to establish baseline for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The authors used real-time PCR to quantify messenger RNA expression of procollagen type I, III, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), decorin, and hyaluronan synthase (HAS) −1, −2, and −3. Analysis of variance was used to detect main effects for gene expression. Post-hoc tests were used to make comparisons between time points. Results Procollagen type I expression was decreased from baseline on post-injury day 1, 28, and 56. Procollagen type III was decreased on post-injury day 1 and 56, and increased from baseline on post-injury day 14. IL-1 beta expression was increased from baseline on post-injury day 1, 3, and 7. Decorin expression was decreased from baseline on post-injury day 1, 3, 7, and 56. HAS-1 expression was decreased from baseline at all post-injury time points. HAS-2 expression was increased from baseline on post-injury day 3, and decreased from baseline on post-injury day 14, 28, and 56. HAS-3 expression was decreased from baseline on post-injury day 1, 28, and 56. Conclusion Findings provide temporal changes in the expression of key extracellular matrix genes during a remodeling phase of vocal fold injury in a rat wound model. Significance Vocal fold wound models provide a means for investigating tissue reparative processes and molecular mechanisms controlling synthesis and degradation of the vocal fold extracellular matrix. Support Vanderbilt University Medical Center.

The protein Aly links pre-messenger-RNA splicing to nuclear export in metazoans

Nature ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 407 (6802) ◽  
pp. 401-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaolan Zhou ◽  
Ming-juan Luo ◽  
Katja Straesser ◽  
Jun Katahira ◽  
Ed Hurt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Export ◽  
Rna Splicing ◽  
Messenger Rna

scholarly journals A conserved CCCH-type zinc finger protein regulates mRNA nuclear adenylation and export

2009 ◽  
Vol 185 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica A. Hurt ◽  
Robert A. Obar ◽  
Bo Zhai ◽  
Natalie G. Farny ◽  
Steven P. Gygi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Finger ◽  
Nuclear Export ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Zinc Finger Protein ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Functional Conservation ◽  
Finger Protein ◽  
Interfering Rna ◽  
Processing Steps ◽  
Prior Processing

Coupling of messenger RNA (mRNA) nuclear export with prior processing steps aids in the fidelity and efficiency of mRNA transport to the cytoplasm. In this study, we show that the processes of export and polyadenylation are coupled via the Drosophila melanogaster CCCH-type zinc finger protein CG6694/dZC3H3 through both physical and functional interactions. We show that depletion of dZC3H3 from S2R+ cells results in transcript hyperadenylation. Using targeted coimmunoprecipitation and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (MS)/MS techniques, we characterize interactions of known components of the mRNA nuclear export and polyadenylation machineries with dZC3H3. Furthermore, we demonstrate the functional conservation of this factor, as depletion of its human homologue ZC3H3 by small interfering RNA results in an mRNA export defect in human cells as well. Nuclear polyadenylated (poly(A)) RNA in ZC3H3-depleted cells is sequestered in foci removed from SC35-containing speckles, indicating a shift from the normal subnuclear distribution of poly(A) RNA. Our data suggest a model wherein ZC3H3 interfaces between the polyadenylation machinery, newly poly(A) mRNAs, and factors for transcript export.

scholarly journals Molecular mechanisms behind mRNA localization in axons

Open Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 200177
Author(s):  
Benita Turner-Bridger ◽  
Cinzia Caterino ◽  
Jean-Michel Cioni
Keyword(s):  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Neuronal Development ◽  
Mrna Localization ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Cis Acting ◽  
Spatiotemporal Regulation ◽  
Mrna Content ◽  
Specific Mrnas ◽  
And Function

Messenger RNA (mRNA) localization allows spatiotemporal regulation of the proteome at the subcellular level. This is observed in the axons of neurons, where mRNA localization is involved in regulating neuronal development and function by orchestrating rapid adaptive responses to extracellular cues and the maintenance of axonal homeostasis through local translation. Here, we provide an overview of the key findings that have broadened our knowledge regarding how specific mRNAs are trafficked and localize to axons. In particular, we review transcriptomic studies investigating mRNA content in axons and the molecular principles underpinning how these mRNAs arrived there, including cis-acting mRNA sequences and trans-acting proteins playing a role. Further, we discuss evidence that links defective axonal mRNA localization and pathological outcomes.

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