Novel Amphoteric 2,5-Furoquinonoid-Containingp-Terphenoquinone Analogues Giving Both a Stable Radical Anion and a Stable Radical Cation

1994 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 863-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuko Takahashi ◽  
Atsushi Gunji ◽  
Kimio Akiyama
Keyword(s):  
Radical Cation ◽  
Radical Anion ◽  
Stable Radical

Radical ions in photochemistry. 21. The photosensitized (electron transfer) tautomerization of alkenes; the phenyl alkene system

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 689-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald R. Arnold ◽  
Shelley A. Mines
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bond ◽  
Electron Transfer ◽  
Radical Cation ◽  
Radical Anion ◽  
Phenyl Group ◽  
Oxidation Potential ◽  
Original Position ◽  
Acetonitrile Solution ◽  
Steric Interaction ◽  
Ambident Anion

Alkenes, conjugated with a phenyl group, can be converted to nonconjugated tautomers by sensitized (electron transfer) irradiation. For example, irradiation of an acetonitrile solution of the conjugated alkene 1-phenylpropene, the electron accepting photosensitizer 1,4-dicyanobenzene, the cosensitizer biphenyl, and the base 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine gave the nonconjugated tautomer 3-phenylpropene in good yield. Similarly, 2-methyl-1-phenylpropene gave 2-methyl-3-phenylpropene, and 1-phenyl-1-butene gaveE- and Z-1-phenyl-2-butene. The reaction also works well with cyclic alkenes. For example, 1-phenylcyclohexene gave 3-phenylcyclohexene, and 1-(phenylmethylene)cyclohexane gave 1-(phenylmethyl)cyclohexene. The proposed mechanism involves the initial formation of the alkene radical cation and the sensitizer radical anion, induced by irradiation of the sensitizer and mediated by the cosensitizer. Deprotonation of the radical cation assisted by the base gives the ambident radical, which is then reduced to the anion by the sensitizer radical anion. Protonation of the ambident anion at the benzylic position completes the sequence. Reprotonation at the original position is an energy wasting step. Tautomerization is driven toward the isomer with the higher oxidation potential, which is, in the cases studied, the less thermodynamically stable isomer. The regioselectivity of the deprotonation step is dependent upon the conformation of the allylic carbon–hydrogen bond. The tautomerization of 2-methyl- 1-phenylbutene gave both 2-phenylmethyl-1-butène and 2-methyl-1-phenyl-2-butene (E and Z isomers), while 2,3-dimethyl- 1-phenylbutene gave only 3-methyl-2-phenylmethyl-1 -butene. In the latter case, steric interaction of the methyls on the isopropyl group prevents effective overlap of the tertiary carbon–hydrogen bond with the singly occupied molecular orbital, thus inhibiting deprotonation from this site. Keywords: photosensitized, electron transfer, alkene, tautomerization, radical cation.

Spectroscopy of Free-Base N-Confused Tetraphenylporphyrin Radical Anion and Radical Cation

2011 ◽  
Vol 115 (24) ◽  
pp. 6456-6471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elvin A. Alemán ◽  
Juan Manríquez Rocha ◽  
Wongwit Wongwitwichote ◽  
Luis Arturo Godínez Mora-Tovar ◽  
David A. Modarelli
Keyword(s):  
Radical Cation ◽  
Radical Anion ◽  
Free Base

Stable radical cation salt initiated N–H insertion and related proton-transfer-delay three-component reaction

2016 ◽  
Vol 57 (20) ◽  
pp. 2179-2182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Congde Huo ◽  
Haisheng Xie ◽  
Caixia Yang ◽  
Jie Dong ◽  
Yajun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Proton Transfer ◽  
Radical Cation ◽  
Stable Radical ◽  
Radical Cation Salt ◽  
Transfer Delay ◽  
Three Component Reaction

ChemInform Abstract: Electron Transfer Photochemistry of Aromatic Imides and Phenylcyclopropane. Radical Anion-Radical Cation Cycloaddition.

ChemInform ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. MAZZOCCHI ◽  
C. SOMICH ◽  
M. EDWARDS ◽  
T. MORGAN ◽  
H. L. AMMON
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transfer ◽  
Radical Cation ◽  
Radical Anion ◽  
Anion Radical

Synthesis of (bis)Silicon Complexes of [38], [37], and [36]Octaphyrins: Aromaticity Switch and Stable Radical Cation

2018 ◽  
Vol 130 (20) ◽  
pp. 5978-5982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin-ichiro Ishida ◽  
Jinseok Kim ◽  
Daiki Shimizu ◽  
Dongho Kim ◽  
Atsuhiro Osuka
Keyword(s):  
Radical Cation ◽  
Stable Radical
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