Effect of fuel cetane number on a premixed diesel combustion mode

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
A M Ickes ◽  
S V Bohac ◽  
D N Assanis
Keyword(s):  
Direct Injection ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Diesel Combustion ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Combustion Mode ◽  
Small Deviations ◽  
Operating Range ◽  
Light Load ◽  
Gas Recirculation ◽  
Poor Stability

The ability of premixed low-temperature diesel combustion to deliver low particulate matter (PM) and NO x emissions is dependent on achieving optimal combustion phasing. Small deviations in combustion phasing can shift the combustion to less optimal modes, yielding increased emissions, increased noise, and poor stability. This paper demonstrates how variations in fuel cetane number affect the detailed combustion behaviour of a direct-injection, diesel-fuelled, premixed combustion mode. Testing was conducted under light load conditions on a modern single-cylinder engine, fuelled with a range of ultra-low sulphur fuels with cetane numbers ranging from 42 to 53. Fuel cetane number is found to affect ignition delay and, accordingly, combustion phasing. Gaseous emissions are a function of combustion phasing and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) quantity, but are not directly tied to fuel cetane number. Fuel cetane number is merely one of many different engine parameters that shift combustion phasing. Furthermore, the operating range is constrained by the changes in cetane number: no injection timings yield acceptable combustion across the whole spread of tested cetane numbers. However, in terms of combustion phasing, the operating range is consistent, independent of fuel cetane number.

Experimental Research on Combustion Characteristics of PCCI–DI Engine Fueled with Dimethyl Ether

2014 ◽  
Vol 953-954 ◽  
pp. 1372-1375
Author(s):  
Wei Li ◽  
Yun Peng Li ◽  
Fan Bin Li
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Dimethyl Ether ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
Combustion Mode ◽  
Operating Range ◽  
Peak Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Rise Rate

The use of clean alternative fuel and new combustion mode is one of the most effective methods of further reduction of NOx and smoke emissions at diesel engine. High thermal efficiency and ultra-low NOx and PM emission of engine in HCCI combustion mode can be realized at low and medium load. However, some problems such as hard control of ignition timing and narrow operating range still exist.For the sake of expanding the operating range of HCCI (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition) engines and explore the scientific methods to realize the ultra-low emission with DME (Dimethyl Ether) as alternative fuel. Experimental Research on the characteristics of PCCI-DI (Partial Premixed Charge Compression Ignition – Direct Injection) combustion is carried out on a single cylinder and naturally aspirated direct injection diesel engine. Results indicate that PCCI-DI DME engine has lower peak cylinder pressure and lesser rise rate of pressure. The engine also shows up an obvious two-stage heat-release characteristic. Compared with HCCI DME engine, peak value of two heat-releases reduces, the position of the first peak almost has no change and the position of the second peak shifts to the position later than TDC (Top Dead Center).

A Comparative Study of Alternative and Conventional Diesel Combustion Modes in a Single Cylinder Engine With a Single Injection Event

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Cowart ◽  
Len Hamilton ◽  
Dianne Luning Prak
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Diffusion Flames ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Diesel Combustion ◽  
Intake Valve ◽  
Light Load ◽  
Combustion Modes ◽  
Start Of Injection

A broadly ranging single injection event was used in a Waukesha diesel CFR engine in order to explore various conventional and alternative combustion modes at light load (2 bar GMEP) using n-heptane fuel. Start of injection (SOI) was varied from the start of the intake valve open (IVO) event all the way past TDC at the end of the compression stroke. Emissions, including detailed particulate, were collected at all of the operating points. Additionally, further experiments were performed with port fuel injection in order to create a homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion mode as well as partially premixed combustion (PPC) using both port and direct fuel injection. HCCI and PPC combustion modes were achieved with the characteristic rise in carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) emissions with however, a corresponding decrease in NOx emissions as compared to conventional direct (into cylinder) injection combustion modes. For conventional diesel operation with progressive advancement of SOI it was seen that start of combustion (SOC) advanced and then retarded slightly before stabilizing. This was associated with a general lengthening of ignition delay (IGD) with progressive SOI advancement. Even with very early intake valve open (IVO) injection events, the emissions behavior did not approach HCCI or PPC, suggesting that the charge mixture homogeneity of companion port injection could not be achieved in this engine using direct injection alone. High speed optical natural light filming of the combustion events through a large quartz window showed conventional diesel combustion with strong diffusion flames, reducing in intensity with PPC operation, and then no visible combustion with HCCI.

Ignition delays in diesel combustion and intake gas conditions

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 805-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideyuki Ogawa ◽  
Akihiro Morita ◽  
Katsushi Futagami ◽  
Gen Shibata
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Compression Ratio ◽  
Ignition Delay ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Exhaust Gas Recirculation ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Diesel Combustion ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Gas Recirculation ◽  
Oxygen Concentrations

Ignition delays in diesel combustion under several intake gas conditions, including different oxygen concentrations changed with exhaust gas recirculation quantities and different intake gas temperatures, were measured for four cetane numbers and three compression ratios in a single-cylinder, naturally aspirated, direct injection diesel engine (bore: 110 mm, stroke: 106 mm, and stroke volume: 1007 cm3). The engine has a common rail fuel injection system which can be set to optional injection timings and has an injector with a needle lift sensor to accurately estimate the injection timing. The intake oxygen concentrations were set by the quantity of exhaust gas recirculation gas, and the intake gas temperatures were changed with a water-cooled exhaust gas recirculation cooler and an electric heater in the intake pipe. Three compression ratios, 16.7, 18.0, and 21.3, were established with three pistons of different cavity volumes. Four fuels with different cetane numbers, 32 (CN32), 45 (CN45), 57 (CN57), and 78 (CN78), consisting of normal and isoparaffins, were examined for the three compression ratios, and the influence of exhaust gas recirculation and intake gas temperature is discussed for 12 combinations of compression ratios and cetane numbers. The results showed that the ignition delay increases linearly with the 1.67 power of the decrease in the intake oxygen concentration changed with cooled exhaust gas recirculation at the same cetane number and the same compression ratio. The ignition delay increases linearly with lowering intake gas temperatures, and the degree of increase in the ignition delay is more significant with lower cetane number fuels and lower compression ratios. Under practical conditions with the intake oxygen concentration between 21% and 11% and the intake gas temperature between 40°C and 100°C, the changes in ignition delays with the intake oxygen concentration are more significant than the changes with intake gas temperature. The ignition delay increases linearly with lowering compression ratios, and the degree of increase in the ignition delay with reductions in the compression ratio is larger in the cases with lower intake oxygen concentrations and lower cetane number fuels. The ignition delays at the higher compression ratios are significantly shorter than with the lower compression ratios in the case of the same in-cylinder gas temperature at top dead center due to higher in-cylinder gas pressures. The degree of increase in the ignition delay with lower cetane numbers is more significant at lower intake oxygen concentrations and lower compression ratios, and the ignition delay decreases linearly with the 0.25 power of the increase in cetane numbers.

scholarly journals Influence of the diesel pilot injector configuration on ethanol combustion and performance of a heavy-duty direct injection engine

2021 ◽  
pp. 146808742110012
Author(s):  
Nicola Giramondi ◽  
Anders Jäger ◽  
Daniel Norling ◽  
Anders Christiansen Erlandsson
Keyword(s):  
Direct Injection ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
High Load ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Diesel Combustion ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Pure Ethanol ◽  
Ethanol Combustion

Thanks to its properties and production pathways, ethanol represents a valuable alternative to fossil fuels, with potential benefits in terms of CO2, NOx, and soot emission reduction. The resistance to autoignition of ethanol necessitates an ignition trigger in compression-ignition engines for heavy-duty applications, which in the current study is a diesel pilot injection. The simultaneous direct injection of pure ethanol as main fuel and diesel as pilot fuel through separate injectors is experimentally investigated in a heavy-duty single cylinder engine at a low and a high load point. The influence of the nozzle hole number and size of the diesel pilot injector on ethanol combustion and engine performance is evaluated based on an injection timing sweep using three diesel injector configurations. The tested configurations have the same geometric total nozzle area for one, two and four diesel sprays. The relative amount of ethanol injected is swept between 78 – 89% and 91 – 98% on an energy basis at low and high load, respectively. The results show that mixing-controlled combustion of ethanol is achieved with all tested diesel injector configurations and that the maximum combustion efficiency and variability levels are in line with conventional diesel combustion. The one-spray diesel injector is the most robust trigger for ethanol ignition, as it allows to limit combustion variability and to achieve higher combustion efficiencies compared to the other diesel injector configurations. However, the two- and four-spray diesel injectors lead to higher indicated efficiency levels. The observed difference in the ethanol ignition dynamics is evaluated and compared to conventional diesel combustion. The study broadens the knowledge on ethanol mixing-controlled combustion in heavy-duty engines at various operating conditions, providing the insight necessary for the optimization of the ethanol-diesel dual-injection system.

Effect of n-heptane and n-decane on exhaust odour in direct injection diesel engines

2005 ◽  
Vol 219 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
M M Roy
Keyword(s):  
Direct Effect ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Ignition Delay ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Mixture Formation ◽  
Incomplete Combustion

This study investigated the effect of n-heptane and n-decane on exhaust odour in direct injection (DI) diesel engines. The prospect of these alternative fuels to reduce wall adherence and overleaning, major sources of incomplete combustion, as well as odorous emissions has been investigated. The n-heptane was tested as a low boiling point fuel that can improve evaporation as well as wall adherence. However, the odour is a little worse with n-heptane and blends than that of diesel fuel due to overleaning of the mixture. Also, formaldehyde (HCHO) and total hydrocarbon (THC) in the exhaust increase with increasing n-heptane content. The n-decane was tested as a fuel with a high cetane number that can improve ignition delay, which has a direct effect on wall adherence and overleaning. However, with n-decane and blends, the odour rating is about 0.5-1 point lower than for diesel fuel. Moreover, the aldehydes and THC are significantly reduced. This is due to less wall adherence and proper mixture formation.

Diesel Emissions Reduction Using a Catalyst and Water Scrubber for Underground Mine Applications

1988 ◽  
Vol 202 (4) ◽  
pp. 233-242
Author(s):  
G E Andrews ◽  
R Everest ◽  
D Jepson ◽  
S W Pang
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Diesel Emissions ◽  
Emissions Reduction ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Engine Exhaust ◽  
Particulate Removal ◽  
Water Scrubber ◽  
Exhaust Particulate

BS 6680 requires the efficiency of coalmine diesel engine exhaust pollution-reduction devices to be determined. The efficiency of an Englehard PTX catalyst and water scubber for both particulate and gaseous emissions reduction was determined using a 533 cc single-cylinder Petter AVI direct injection diesel engine. The separate and combined influence of the two exhaust devices was determined. The water scrubber acted as aflame trap as well as an exhaust particulate trap. The catalyst gave a substantial reduction in CO and UHC gaseous emissions and particulate SOF emissions for exhaust temperatures above 250°C. However, the high MW particulate SOF, including the PAH, had a 70 per cent reduction for catalyst temperatures as low as 200°C. The water scrubber was the dominant particulate removal device, although the catalyst removal efficiency was significant for temperatures above 250° C. The scrubber also had a significant influence on the reduction in NOx emissions, with a 30 per cent removal at high exhaust temperatures.

Impacts of multiple pilot diesel injections on the premixed combustion of ethanol fuel

2017 ◽  
Vol 232 (6) ◽  
pp. 738-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tongyang Gao ◽  
Shui Yu ◽  
Tie Li ◽  
Ming Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Direct Injection ◽  
Pressure Rise ◽  
Pilot Injection ◽  
Moderate Pressure ◽  
Ethanol Fuel ◽  
Injection Process ◽  
Rise Rate ◽  
Efficient Combustion ◽  
Gas Recirculation ◽  
The Impact

Engine experiments were carried out to study the impact of multiple pilot injections of a diesel fuel on dual-fuel combustion with a premixed ethanol fuel, using compression ignition. Because of the contrasting volatility and the reactivity characteristics of the two fuels, the appropropriate scheduling of pilot diesel injections in a high-pressure direct-injection process is found to be effective for improving the clean and efficient combustion of ethanol which is premixed with air using a low-pressure port injection. The timing and duration of each of the multiple pilot injections were investigated, in conjunction with the use of exhaust gas recirculation and intake air boosting to accommodate the variations in the engine load. For correct fuel and air management, an early pilot injection of fuel acted effectively as the reactivity improver to the background ethanol, whereas a late pilot injection acted deterministically to initiate combustion. The experimental results further revealed a set of pilot injection strategies which resulted in an increased ethanol ratio, thereby reducing the emission reductions while retaining a moderate pressure rise rate during combustion.

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