Blood Gas Transport in the Cephalopod, Sepia Officinalis

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 331-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
KJELL JOHANSEN ◽  
O. L. E. BRIX ◽  
GUNNAR LYKKEBOE
Keyword(s):  
Gas Transport ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Sepia Officinalis ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Indwelling Catheters ◽  
Content Difference ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Hypoxic Water ◽  
High Utilization

Blood gas transport was studied in unrestrained free-swimming cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, following cannulations of an efferent branchial (arterial) vessel and the vena cava cephalica with indwelling catheters. In well-aerated water the arterial POO2 averaged about 100.00 mmHg and was fully saturated with O2. Mixed venous pOO2 varied between 17 and 40 mmHg, typically corresponding to blood O2 utilizations of 80% or higher. Some blood samples showed venous pH to exceed arterial, a tendency becoming more distinct during exposure to hypoxic water. The resulting higher O2 affinity of venous compared to arterial blood discourages O2 unloading in the tissues, while promoting efficient O2 loading in the gills. A high n-value of Sepia blood (n = 4.7) is important for maintaining a large arteriovenous O2 content difference and a high utilization of circulating O2.

Circulating catecholamines and control of plasma renin activity in conscious dogs

1979 ◽  
Vol 236 (3) ◽  
pp. H463-H470 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Johnson ◽  
D. N. Shier ◽  
A. C. Barger
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Renin Activity ◽  
Renal Artery ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Insulin Injection ◽  
Renin Activity ◽  
Indwelling Catheters ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Norepinephrine Concentration

Uninephrectomized dogs were prepared with indwelling catheters in the aorta, inferior vena cava (IVC), and renal artery, and after recovery they were studied in the conscious state. Basal aortic epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were 57 +/- 11 and 101 +/- 18 pg/ml, respectively. Elevation of epinephrine concentration to over 2,000 pg/ml by IVC infusion resulted in a sustained 3.5-fold increase in plasma renin activity (PRA), with only a transient decrease in arterial blood pressure. The PRA response to epinephrine was completely blocked by l-propranolol; isoproterenol increased PRA more than did epinephrine. Increasing norepinephrine concentration to 1,600 pg/ml by IVC infusion resulted in only a 1.5-fold increase in PRA. Infusion of epinephrine or norepinephrine directly into the renal artery to achieve similar increments of renal arterial concentration did not increase PRA. Insulin injection or hemorrhage resulted in elevations of arterial epinephrine (but not norepinephrine) concentration greater than the concentrations achieved during IVC infusion in these studies. We conclude that circulating epinephrine in the physiologic range plays a role in the control of PRA by activation of an extrarenal beta-receptor.

Abrupt changes in mixed venous blood gas composition after the onset of exercise

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 1106-1112 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Casaburi ◽  
J. Daly ◽  
J. E. Hansen ◽  
R. M. Effros
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Mixed Venous Blood ◽  
Gas Composition ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Ergometer Exercise ◽  
Exercise Onset ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial ◽  
Mixed Venous

It has been assumed that increases in both O2 uptake and ventilation occurring within the first few seconds after the onset of exercise cannot be the result of changes in blood gas composition reaching the central circulation because of the circulatory delay from the exercising limbs (A. Krogh and J. Lindhard, J. Physiol. Lond. 42: 112–136, 1913). We sought to validate this assumption by measuring the time course of pulmonary arterial blood gases during the transition from rest to exercise. Six healthy men underwent pulmonary arterial catheterization and then performed transitions from rest to moderate cycle ergometer exercise. An anaerobic sampling manifold withdrew 19 samples of blood during the rest-to-exercise transition; sampling interval was usually 4 s. Blood gas analysis showed that, on average, from rest-to-steady-state exercise, O2 saturation (Svo2) fell from 71 to 41% and mixed venous PCO2 (PvCO2) rose from 42 to 59 Torr. Contrary to our expectations, Svo2 decreased and PvCO2 increased with no discernible latency after exercise onset (by 10% and 2 Torr, respectively, within 6 s). The half time for the Svo2 decrease was 32 s, whereas for the PvCO2 increase it was 80 s. The time course of superior vena cava blood gas composition was determined in several experiments; no rapid changes after exercise onset were found. We conclude that at exercise onset there is a rapid fall in Svo2 and rise in PvCO2 well in advance of arrival of blood produced by exercising legs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals The effect of ultrasonographic measurement of vena cava inferior diameter on the prediction of post-spinal hypotension in geriatric patients undergoing spinal anesthesia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuf Aslan ◽  
Gulten Arslan ◽  
Kemal Tolga Saracoglu ◽  
Banu Eler Cevik
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Anesthesia ◽  
Geriatric Patients ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Vena Cava Inferior ◽  
Peripheral Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Blood Gas Parameters ◽  
Spinal Hypotension

Aims: In our study,we aimed to investigate whether end-expiratory vena cava inferior (expVCI) diameter and vena cava inferior collapsibility index predicted post-spinal hypotension in geriatric patients undergoing spinal anesthesia, the correlation between them and other parameters. Material and methods: Our prospective study included ASA I-4,73 patients over 65 years of age, who were scheduled for operation using spinal anesthesia. According to the expVCI diameter displayed with USG before spinal anesthesia, patients; those with an expVCI diameter less than 1.8 cm previously determined as the threshold value are grouped as 1.(Small-VCI) Group,those greater than 1.8cm as 2.(Large-VCI) Group. Demographic characteristics of the patients, comorbidities, duration and type of operation, basal (preoperative) heart rate, systolic, diastolic, mean blood pressure, peripheral oxygen saturation values before spinal anesthesia and after spinal anesthesia in supine position (0 min) and 5th, 10th, 15th, 20th, 25th, 30th min and preoperative arterial blood gas parameters, amount of peroperative urine and bleeding, inotropic and fluid requirement, complications were recorded. Results: Hypotension developed in 28(38.4%) patients and bradycardia in 14 (19.2%) of patients. The patients who developed hypotension had more ASA 2 and ASA 3 (p=0.01), shorter height (p=0.02), and smaller expVCI diameter (p=0.004).It was observed that they had higher lactate (p=0.03), lower pH (p=0.006) values, and more inotropic agents were administered (p<0.001). While the rate of developing hypotension was 51.1% (n=23) in the patients in the Small-VCI group, this rate was 17.9% (n=5) in the patients in the Large-VCI group (p=0.004). Conclusion: It was concluded that the expVCI diameter value measured by USG before spinal anesthesia in elderly patients is effective in predicting post-spinal hypotension with lactate and pH values, which are among the blood gas parameters, and expVCI can be preferred to invasive methods due to its noninvasive, easy and fast application.

Atrial fibrillation associated with carbon monoxide poisoning

2019 ◽  
pp. 203-206
Author(s):  
Mevlut Demir ◽  
◽  
Muslum Sahin ◽  
Ahmet Korkmaz ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Sinus Rhythm ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood

Carbon monoxide intoxication occurs usually via inhalation of carbon monoxide that is emitted as a result of a fire, furnace, space heater, generator, motor vehicle. A 37-year-old male patient was admitted to the emergency department at about 5:00 a.m., with complaints of nausea, vomiting and headache. He was accompanied by his wife and children. His venous blood gas measures were: pH was 7.29, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) was 42 mmHg, partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) was 28 mmHg, carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) was 12.7% (reference interval: 0.5%-2.5%) and oxygen saturation was 52.4%. Electrocardiogram (ECG) examination showed that the patient was not in sinus rhythm but had atrial fibrillation. After three hours the laboratory examination was repeated: Troponin was 1.2 pg/ml and in the arterial blood gas COHb was 3%. The examination of the findings on the monitor showed that the sinus rhythm was re-established. The repeated ECG examination confirmed the conversion to the sinus rhythm. He was monitored with the normobaric oxygen administration.

scholarly journals d-Cystine di(m)ethyl ester reverses the deleterious effects of morphine on ventilation and arterial blood gas chemistry while promoting antinociception

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Gaston ◽  
Santhosh M. Baby ◽  
Walter J. May ◽  
Alex P. Young ◽  
Alan Grossfield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Dimethyl Ester ◽  
Diethyl Ester ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Gas Chemistry ◽  
Ventilatory Drive

AbstractWe have identified thiolesters that reverse the negative effects of opioids on breathing without compromising antinociception. Here we report the effects of d-cystine diethyl ester (d-cystine diEE) or d-cystine dimethyl ester (d-cystine diME) on morphine-induced changes in ventilation, arterial-blood gas chemistry, A-a gradient (index of gas-exchange in the lungs) and antinociception in freely moving rats. Injection of morphine (10 mg/kg, IV) elicited negative effects on breathing (e.g., depression of tidal volume, minute ventilation, peak inspiratory flow, and inspiratory drive). Subsequent injection of d-cystine diEE (500 μmol/kg, IV) elicited an immediate and sustained reversal of these effects of morphine. Injection of morphine (10 mg/kg, IV) also elicited pronounced decreases in arterial blood pH, pO2 and sO2 accompanied by pronounced increases in pCO2 (all indicative of a decrease in ventilatory drive) and A-a gradient (mismatch in ventilation-perfusion in the lungs). These effects of morphine were reversed in an immediate and sustained fashion by d-cystine diME (500 μmol/kg, IV). Finally, the duration of morphine (5 and 10 mg/kg, IV) antinociception was augmented by d-cystine diEE. d-cystine diEE and d-cystine diME may be clinically useful agents that can effectively reverse the negative effects of morphine on breathing and gas-exchange in the lungs while promoting antinociception. Our study suggests that the d-cystine thiolesters are able to differentially modulate the intracellular signaling cascades that mediate morphine-induced ventilatory depression as opposed to those that mediate morphine-induced antinociception and sedation.

scholarly journals Analysis of Arterial Blood Gas Values Based on Storage Time Since Sampling: An Observational Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-521
Author(s):  
Alejandro Montero-Salinas ◽  
Marta Pérez-Ramos ◽  
Fernando Toba-Alonso ◽  
Leticia Quintana-DelRío ◽  
Jorge Suanzes-Hernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Initial Time ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Initial Sample ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

Aim. To evaluate the influence of time on arterial blood gas values after artery puncture is performed. Method. Prospective longitudinal observational study carried out with gasometric samples from 86 patients, taken at different time intervals (0 (T0), 15 (T15), 30 (T30) and 60 (T60) min), from 21 October 2019 to 21 October 2020. The study variables were: partial pressure of carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, hematocrit, hemoglobin, potassium, lactic acid, pH, partial pressure of oxygen, saturation of oxygen, sodium and glucose. Results. The initial sample consisted of a total of 90 patients. Out of all the participants, four were discarded as they did not understand the purpose of the study; therefore, the total number of participants was 86, 51% of whom were men aged 72.59 on average (SD: 16.23). In the intra-group analysis, differences in PCO2, HCO3, hematocrit, Hb, K+ and and lactic acid were observed between the initial time of the test and the 15, 30 and 60 min intervals. In addition, changes in pH, pO2, SO2, Na and glucose were noted 30 min after the initial sample had been taken. Conclusions. The variation in the values, despite being significant, has no clinical relevance. Consequently, the recommendation continues to be the analysis of the GSA at the earliest point to ensure the highest reliability of the data and to provide the patient with the most appropriate treatment based on those results.

Validation of transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring using an artificial lung during adult pulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass

2021 ◽  
pp. 039139882098785
Author(s):  
Lawrence Garrison ◽  
Jeffrey B Riley ◽  
Steve Wysocki ◽  
Jennifer Souai ◽  
Hali Julick
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Blood Gas Analysis ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Artificial Lung ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Median Difference ◽  
Transcutaneous Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Arterial Blood

Measurements of transcutaneous carbon dioxide (tcCO2) have been used in multiple venues, such as during procedures utilizing jet ventilation, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, as well as both the adult and neo-natal ICUs. However, tcCO2 measurements have not been validated under conditions which utilize an artificial lung, such cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The purpose of this study was to (1) validate the use of tcCO2 using an artificial lung during CPB and (2) identify a location for the sensor that would optimize estimation of PaCO2 when compared to the gold standard of blood gas analysis. tcCO2 measurements ( N = 185) were collected every 30 min during 54 pulsatile CPB procedures. The agreement/differences between the tcCO2 and the PaCO2 were compared by three sensor locations. Compared to the earlobe or the forehead, the submandibular PtcCO2 values agreed best with the PaCO2 and with a median difference of –.03 mmHg (IQR = 5.4, p < 0.001). The small median difference and acceptable IQR support the validity of the tcCO2 measurement. The multiple linear regression model for predicting the agreement between the submandibular tcCO2 and PaCO2 included the SvO2, the oxygenator gas to blood flow ratio, and the native perfusion index ( R2 = 0.699, df = 1, 60; F = 19.1, p < 0.001). Our experience in utilizing tcCO2 during CPB has demonstrated accuracy in estimating PaCO2 when compared to the gold standard arterial blood gas analysis, even during CO2 flooding of the surgical field.

Reference intervals for venous blood gas measurement in adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsty L. Ress ◽  
Gus Koerbin ◽  
Ling Li ◽  
Douglas Chesher ◽  
Phillip Bwititi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Reference Interval ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Venous Blood Gas

AbstractObjectivesVenous blood gas (VBG) analysis is becoming a popular alternative to arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis due to reduced risk of complications at phlebotomy and ease of draw. In lack of published data, this study aimed to establish reference intervals (RI) for correct interpretation of VBG results.MethodsOne hundred and 51 adult volunteers (101 females, 50 males 18–70 y), were enrolled after completion of a health questionnaire. Venous blood was drawn into safePICO syringes and analysed on ABL827 blood gas analyser (Radiometer Pacific Pty. Ltd.). A non-parametric approach was used to directly establish the VBG RI which was compared to a calculated VBG RI based on a meta-analysis of differences between ABG and VBGResultsAfter exclusions, 134 results were used to derive VBG RI: pH 7.30–7.43, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) 38–58 mmHg, partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) 19–65 mmHg, bicarbonate (HCO3−) 22–30 mmol/L, sodium 135–143 mmol/L, potassium 3.6–4.5 mmol/L, chloride 101–110 mmol/L, ionised calcium 1.14–1.29 mmol/L, lactate 0.4–2.2 mmol/L, base excess (BE) −1.9–4.5 mmol/L, saturated oxygen (sO2) 23–93%, carboxyhaemoglobin 0.4–1.4% and methaemoglobin 0.3–0.9%. The meta-analysis revealed differences between ABG and VBG for pH, HCO3−, pCO2 and pO2 of 0.032, −1.0 mmol/L, −4.2 and 39.9 mmHg, respectively. Using this data along with established ABG RI, calculated VBG RI of pH 7.32–7.42, HCO3− 23 – 27 mmol/L, pCO2 36–49 mmHg (Female), pCO2 39–52 mmHg (Male) and pO2 43–68 mmHg were formulated and compared to the VBG RI of this study.ConclusionsAn adult reference interval has been established to assist interpretation of VBG results.

Interpreting arterial blood gas results

BMJ ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 346 (jan16 1) ◽  
pp. f16-f16 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. Cowley ◽  
A. Owen ◽  
J. F. Bion
Keyword(s):  
Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood
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