Studies on the Nutrition of Blow-Fly Larvae

1932 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-365
Author(s):  
R. P. HOBSON
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Liquid Food ◽  
Blow Fly ◽  
Insoluble Protein ◽  
Alkaline Reaction ◽  
Bacterial Action ◽  
Chief Factors ◽  
Fly Larvae ◽  
Structural Parts

1. Investigation of the feeding of Lucilia larvae on meat suggested that the chief factors involved are mechanical maceration and the alkaline reaction which results in the first place from bacterial action. 2. Larvae suck the fluid serum from acid muscle; they ingest semi-liquid food only when the reaction is alkaline or the free liquid has been removed. 3. Predigestion of the muscle substance is apparently not essential, as the crop contents often consist of insoluble protein. 4. The proteolytic enzymes in the larval excreta, which include a collagenase, probably serve to digest the structural parts of muscle tissue.

Studies on the Nutrition of Blow-Fly Larvae

1931 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. HOBSON
Keyword(s):  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Anterior Segment ◽  
Posterior Segment ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Middle Segment ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Alkaline Reaction ◽  
Bacterial Action ◽  
Hind Gut

1. The mid-gut in Lucilia larvae can be divided into three distinct regions (termed anterior, middle and posterior segments). 2. Histologically the anterior and posterior segments are similar. In a feeding larva the cells are highly vacuolated and contain fat; in a starved larva the cells are deeply staining and non-vacuolated. In the middle segment the cells are always deeply staining and free from vacuoles and fat, whatever the state of nutrition. 3. The hydrogen-ion concentration varies along the gut and with the nature of the food. With liquefied meat as food, the pH is 7.5-8.0 in the crop, 7.5 in the anterior segment, 3.0-3.5 in the middle segment, 7.5-8.3 in the posterior segment, and 8.0-8.5 in the hind-gut. With fresh gelatine (pH 7.0) as food, the values are the same except in the crop and anterior segment, for which the figures are respectively pH 7.0 and 6.5. 4. It has been suggested that the acidity in the middle segment may be due to an acid secretion, the most likely component being phosphoric acid. The alkaline reaction in other parts of the gut is probably caused by ammonia, which is present in the gut-contents and excreta. 5. Tryptase, peptidase and lipase are present in the mid-gut, the enzymes being concentrated in the anterior and posterior segments. The proteolytic enzymes persist in the excreta and some extra-intestinal digestion, therefore, can occur without the aid of micro-organisms. Carbohydrate-splitting enzymes are absent except for a feeble secretion of amylase in the salivary gland. 6. By combining the evidence from various sources, I have attempted to obtain a complete picture of the process of digestion, which I suggest is as follows: The food is stored unchanged in the crop and, passing into the mid-gut, is rapidly forced into the middle segment. Some absorption of water and simple products of bacterial action occurs along the anterior segment, the concentration of the food being completed in the middle segment where the acidity prevents digestion. The food, by now of a pasty constituency, passes into the posterior segment, dissolves in the alkaline fluid and is digested and absorbed. The digestive enzymes are secreted in the anterior and posterior segments, but digestion does not progress far in the anterior segment owing to the rapid passage of the food.

Blow Fly Larvae as a Source of Botulinum Toxin for Game Farm Pheasants

1962 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 411 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. H. Lee ◽  
Srikrishnan Vadlamudi ◽  
R. P. Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Blow Fly ◽  
Fly Larvae

Colonisation of finfish substrate inhabited by black soldier fly larvae by blow flies, bacteria, and fungi

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Bernard ◽  
J. Villazana ◽  
A. Alyokhin ◽  
J. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Blow Fly ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Fungal Abundance ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae ◽  
Fly Larvae ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) can be used for recycling a wide variety of organic wastes. However, these wastes are also suitable for colonisation by pest fly species, including the blow fly Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), and by pathogenic microorganisms. We tested effects of the presence of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) on recruitment and retention of blow fly larvae, as well as on composition and dynamics of microbial communities in finfish-based substrates. Substrates inhabited by BSFL contained approximately one-tenth of the L. sericata pupae found in the control substrate even when BSFL were removed prior to the introduction of gravid L. sericata females. Furthermore, almost three-quarters of L. sericata released into substrates previously colonised by BSFL emigrated within 24 h, while no such emigration was detected for the control substrates. Unlike previous studies, bacterial community was heavily dominated by Gram-positive species. Overall bacterial abundance on BSFL substrates declined approximately two-fold compared to the control substrate, while fungal abundance increased. However, surviving microbial communities were still robust and diverse, and continued to be dominated by Gram-positive bacteria. On the other hand, Gram-negative Shigella sonnei, which is a common cause of diarrhoea in humans, was more than 200 times less abundant in BSFL substrates compared to the control throughout the experiment. Repellent and antibiotic properties observed in this study are advantageous for using BSFL in remediation of finfish wastes. However, additional treatment of remaining residue may still be necessary to eliminate all biological contamination.

A noninclusion virus of blow-fly larvae

1969 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 310-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.A.L. David
Keyword(s):  
Blow Fly ◽  
Fly Larvae

Effects of blow fly (Protocalliphora spatulata: Diptera: Calliphoridae) parasitism on the growth of nestling savannah sparrows in Alaska

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 641-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clinton K. Miller ◽  
Jeanne M. Fair
Keyword(s):  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Food Limitation ◽  
Blow Fly ◽  
Tarsus Length ◽  
Passerculus Sandwichensis ◽  
Avian Reproduction ◽  
Project Site ◽  
Fly Larvae ◽  
Breeding Seasons ◽  
Savannah Sparrows

We investigated the effect of blow fly larvae (Protocalliphora spatulata) on nestling savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) in Alaska subject to biennially fluctuating prey abundance. Grasshopper populations in some regions of interior Alaska can show a strong biennial periodicity. Growth of nestling savannah sparrows, numbers of blow fly larvae in nests and on nestlings, and grasshopper populations were monitored during four breeding seasons (1990–1993) on the Delta Agriculture Project site near Delta Junction, Alaska. Growth parameters for parasitized and nonparasitized nestlings were compared within and between years. There were no significant differences in growth parameters between parasitized and nonparasitized nestlings between any years. There were also no differences in growth parameters within years, except for tarsus length in 1991 and nestling mass in 1993 (low grasshopper years); in 1993, parasitized nestlings were heavier and the sample size was small. Additionally, there were no differences in fledging success within years. Although parasitism combined with other factors (e.g., food limitation) may have an impact on avian reproduction, our data do not support this.

scholarly journals The Growth Stimulation of Blow-fly Larvae Fed on Fatigued Frog Muscle. II

1936 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-252
Author(s):  
G. PUGH SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Growth Stimulation ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Frog Muscle ◽  
Blow Fly ◽  
Contracting Muscle ◽  
Fatigued Muscle ◽  
Fly Larvae ◽  
Resting Muscle ◽  
Stimulation Of

It had previously been shown that blow-fly larvae fed on fatigued frog muscle grow to a larger size than controls fed on resting muscle. I have now demonstrated that the growth-stimulating substance is thermolabile and that it passes from the contracting muscle into the blood stream. It does not accumulate in the liver. The bacterial flora is equally dense on resting and on fatigued muscle on which fly larvae have fed.

scholarly journals Feeding of House Wren Nestlings Afflicted by Hematophagous Ectoparasites: A Test of the Parental Compensation Hypothesis

The Condor ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian L. Morrison ◽  
L. Scott Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Mass Gain ◽  
Food Delivery ◽  
Blow Fly ◽  
Troglodytes Aedon ◽  
House Wren ◽  
House Wrens ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fly Larvae ◽  
Compensation Hypothesis

Abstract This study asked whether parent House Wrens (Troglodytes aedon) in a Wyoming population increased rates of food delivery to broods parasitized by hematophagous blow fly larvae and mites. We observed no significant difference in rates at which pairs fed nestlings at nests with naturally heavy infestations of fly larvae (6–19 larvae per nestling) and nests in which nestling exposure to larvae was experimentally eliminated or severely reduced (0–2 larvae per nestling). The apparent failure of parents to compensate nestlings for resources lost to parasites may, in part, explain the reduced rates of mass gain by parasitized nestlings that we observed and the presence of reduced hemoglobin levels in parasitized nestlings documented in a companion study. Parasitized nestlings may be too weak or anemic to intensify begging activity which would alert parents to their increased need for food. Alimentación de Polluelos de Troglodytes aedon Afectada por Ectoparásitos Hematófagos: Una Prueba de la Hipótesis de Compensación Parental Resumen. Nos preguntamos si los individuos parentales de Troglodytes aedon de una población de Wyoming aumentan las tasas de alimentación sobre polluelos parasitados por ácaros y larvas de moscas hematófagas. No observamos diferencias significativas en la tasa a la cual las parejas alimentaron a los polluelos entre nidos altamente infectados naturalmente por la larva de la mosca (6–19 larvas por polluelo) y nidos en que la exposición a las larvas fue eliminada o severamente reducida experimentalmente (0–2 larvas por polluelo). En parte, la aparente falta de compensación por parte de los padres sobre la pérdida de recursos de los polluelos infectados puede explicar sus bajas tasas de ganancia de peso y los niveles reducidos de hemoglobina documentados en un estudio asociado al presente. Los polluelos parasitados probablemente se encuentran muy débiles o anémicos como para intensificar la actividad de reclamo lo que alertaría a los padres sobre su mayor necesidad de alimento.

Influence of biochemical properties of raw materials on quality change of low-salted fish products

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Ivaniuta ◽  
◽  
A Menchynska ◽  
O Ochkolyas ◽  
Zh Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Quality Change ◽  
Fish Products ◽  
Salted Fish

The article defines the influence of biochemical properties of raw materials on the quality change of low-salted fish products packed in conditions of a modified medium. The main reasons for the quality deterioration of low-salted fish products are described. Possible directions for increasing the stability of low-salt fish products during storage are given. The level of activity of tissue proteolytic enzymes is one of the main factors that characterizes the maturation rate of salted fish, and the mass fraction of fat can determine the degree of influence of carbon dioxide on muscle tissue during storage. Accordingly, the results of the examination of the initial fish raw materials, namely the mass fraction of fat and enzymatic activity of muscle tissue, are highlighted. We found that fish raw materials had significant differences in both the mass fraction of fat and the activity of enzymes. The results of the investigation of physicochemical parameters in salted fish products packed in conditions of a modified medium are highlighted. The initial composition of the gas mixture: 40% carbon dioxide with 60% dinitrogen. High barrier packages were used for packaging. The results of experimental studies have shown that in terms of changes in qualitative indicators, the packaging of salted fish in conditions of a modified medium is the most effective for products from low-fat raw materials with low total acidity and activity of proteolytic enzymes.

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