Factors Involved in the Production of Annual Zones on the Scales of the Rainbow Trout (Salmo Irideus). II

1932 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-11
Author(s):  
D. BHATIA
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Fish Scales ◽  
Periodic Rings ◽  
High And Low Temperatures

1. Rainbow trout fed uniformly does not exhibit any periodic zones on its scales whether the temperature is normal or high or low. 2. At both high and low temperatures (17° C. and 4° C.) fish fed abundantly show on their scales a peripheral band of comparatively broad rings, and fish starved show a peripheral band of narrow rings. 3. Bands of broad and narrow rings, resembling the so-called "annual zones," could be produced on the scales by altering the food supplies of the fish irrespective of the temperature of the medium. 4. Variations in temperature have no direct effect on the production of the periodic rings on the fish scales.

Simple Systems

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Rau
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Gibbs State ◽  
Macroscopic System ◽  
Basic Model ◽  
System A ◽  
Paramagnetic Salt ◽  
High And Low Temperatures ◽  
Simple Systems

Even though the general framework of statistical mechanics is ultimately targeted at the description of macroscopic systems, it is illustrative to apply it first to some simple systems: a harmonic oscillator, a rotor, and a spin in a magnetic field. These applications serve to illustrate how a key function associated with the Gibbs state, the so-called partition function, is calculated in practice, how the entropy function is obtained via a Legendre transformation, and how such systems behave in the limits of high and low temperatures. After discussing these simple systems, this chapter considers a first example where multiple constituents are assembled into a macroscopic system: a basic model of a paramagnetic salt. It also investigates the size of energy fluctuations and how—in the case of the paramagnet—these fluctuations scale with the number of constituents.

Uptake of taurocholic acid and cholic acid in isolated hepatocytes from rainbow trout

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (3) ◽  
pp. G380-G386 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Rabergh ◽  
K. Ziegler ◽  
B. Isomaa ◽  
M. M. Lipsky ◽  
J. E. Eriksson
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Isolated Hepatocytes ◽  
Metabolic Inhibitors ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Transport Component ◽  
Efficient Uptake

The uptake of the bile acids cholate (CHA) and taurocholate (TCHA) was studied in isolated hepatocytes from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Both CHA and TCHA were taken up in a concentration- and temperature-dependent manner with optimum temperature at 15 degrees C and a strikingly efficient uptake even at low temperatures (0-5 degrees C). The total uptake was a combination of a saturable [Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) for CHA, 20 microM; Km for TCHA, 19 microM] and a nonsaturable component. The maximal uptake rate of the saturable component was 416 and 805 pmol.mg protein-1.min-1 for CHA and TCHA, respectively. The uptake of both bile acids was shown to be energy dependent, since it was inhibited by the metabolic inhibitors antimycin A, oligomycin and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone. The uptake was clearly Na+ independent, since isosmotic replacement of extracellular Na+ by Li+, choline, or K+ did not inhibit the uptake. Furthermore, it seemed to be independent of the presence of extracellular Cl-, since it was not inhibited by replacement of Cl- with sodium gluconate. On the whole, our results show that the hepatocellular uptake of bile acids in rainbow trout is mediated by a Na(+)-independent carrier system, with characteristics resembling the corresponding transport component in mammalian hepatocytes, but with high efficiency even at low temperatures.

scholarly journals Processes of hypernuclei formation in relativistic ion collisions

2018 ◽  
Vol 171 ◽  
pp. 13001
Author(s):  
Alexander Botvina ◽  
Marcus Bleicher
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Research ◽  
Statistical Models ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
Broad Distribution ◽  
High Energies ◽  
Intermediate Energies ◽  
Ion Collisions ◽  
High And Low Temperatures

The study of hypernuclei in relativistic ion collisions open new opportunities for nuclear and particle physics. The main processes leading to the production of hypernuclei in these reactions are the disintegration of large excited hyper-residues (target- and projectile-like), and the coalescence of hyperons with other baryons into light clusters. We use the transport, coalescence and statistical models to describe the whole reaction, and demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach: These reactions lead to the abundant production of multi-strange nuclei and new hypernuclear states. A broad distribution of predicted hypernuclei in masses and isospin allows for investigating properties of exotic hypernuclei, as well as the hypermatter both at high and low temperatures. There is a saturation of the hypernuclei production at high energies, therefore, the optimal way to pursue this experimental research is to use the accelerator facilities of intermediate energies, like FAIR (Darmstadt) and NICA (Dubna).

A Monte Carlo simulation of steady state of 2D Ising model in temperature field

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (04) ◽  
pp. 1650022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeshun Chen ◽  
Changming Xiao ◽  
Zhen Yao
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Temperature Field ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Ising Model ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Ferromagnetic State ◽  
Model System ◽  
Local Magnetization ◽  
New Energy ◽  
High And Low Temperatures

Supposing the Ising model system is placed in a temperature field with constant high and low temperatures on both sides, then the system will shift to a non-equilibrium steady state with a certain temperature gradient. With the assistance of local temperature, the steady state of two-dimensional Ising model is studied via the avenue of Monte Carlo simulations in this paper. It is found that the local energy and magnetization are continuous, but there is a sharp decline in the magnetization strength when the temperature falls into the range of 2.2–2.4. The local magnetization [Formula: see text], when the temperature [Formula: see text]. It is the indication that the system is in the ferromagnetic state. However, when [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and then the ferromagnetic state turns into the paramagnetic state. Furthermore, a completely new and special state of Ising model system and the corresponding material is possible if the high and low temperatures of the temperature field are larger and smaller than the critical value of the system, respectively. According to this material, the magnetic driving machine, from which a new energy source can be obtained, is qualitatively discussed at the end of this paper.

Relieving of Residual Stresses in Metal Workpieces at High and Low Temperatures

2021 ◽  
Vol 887 ◽  
pp. 651-656
Author(s):  
Marina V. Polonik
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Creep Properties ◽  
Processing Modes ◽  
Properties Of Materials ◽  
High And Low Temperatures ◽  
Temperature Heating ◽  
High Temperature Heating

On the basis of previously accumulated irreversible deformations, and, consequently, residual stresses, the process of removing residual stresses in metal workpieces under the action of low and high temperatures is simulated. Boundary value problems are solved and here are described regularities that are responsible for removing residual stresses for processing modes: high-temperature heating - cooling, high-temperature heating - holding - cooling, low-temperature heating - holding - cooling. The holding stage is modeled, taking into account the creep properties of materials under Norton creep conditions. According to the dependences of the obtained exact solutions, it is shown that it is the holding process that leads to the relaxation of residual stresses.

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