Amines and a Peptide as Neurohormones in Lobsters: Actions on Neuromuscular Preparations and Preliminary Behavioural Studies

1980 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-175
Author(s):  
EDWARD A. KRAVITZ ◽  
SILVIO GLUSMAN ◽  
RONALD M. HARRIS-WARRICK ◽  
MARGARET S. LIVINGSTONE ◽  
THOMAS SCHWARZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transmitter Release ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
The Other ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Excitatory Neurotransmitter ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Behavioural Experiments ◽  
Extended Posture

In this communication we report that four substances, thought to function as neurohormones in Crustacea, all produce long-term changes in the physiological properties of lobster opener muscle preparations. The substances are the amines, octopamine, serotonin and dopamine, and the peptide, proctolin. The actions of these substances are superimposed on the normal synaptic apparatus that utilizes the amino acids GABA and glutamate (probably) as the inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter compounds. Serotonin acts on excitatory and inhibitory nerve endings to facilitate transmitter release and directly on muscle fibres to produce a contracture and to induce the appearance of Ca2+ action potentials. The latter two actions of serotonin are shared by proctolin and octopamine as well. Dopamine, on the other hand, relaxes muscle baseline tension. The mechanism of action of these substances at their target site (or sites) has been explored with electrophysiological and biochemical techniques and the results will be presented. In addition preliminary behavioural experiments have been carried out with serotonin and octopamine. These substances produce opposite postures when injected into lobsters. The amines act on central ganglia to produce these effects where they cause a programmed readout of firing of neurones that will produce either a flexed posture (serotonin) or an extended posture (octopamine).

Notation and identity in contemporary popular music

Popular Music ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 215-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Stith Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Popular Music ◽  
Classical Music ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Western European ◽  
Rock N Roll

Popular music, like all manifestations of popular culture, lives on in spite of recurring criticisms that cast it as somehow inauthentic. In fact, defences against this discounting are built into popular music (for example, the Rolling Stones' classic: ‘It's only rock 'n' roll but I like it’) and built in, as well, to the identities of those who make the music a part of their lives, be they players, producers, consumers or critics. On the other hand, so-called classical music, not unlike other manifestations of Western European art culture, lives on in spite of popular music and provides the touchstone of authenticity that creates the defensive popular response. The ideas I am advancing here are intended to allow the players in this authenticity contest to be recognised as evidence of unique historical circumstances: recognised, that is, not only as stock dramatists of ethnocentrism, but as indicators of long-term changes in music cultures in all parts of the world.

Impulse activity of a crayfish motoneuron regulated its neuromuscular synaptic properties

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Lnenicka ◽  
H. L. Atwood
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Transmitter Release ◽  
Impulse Activity ◽  
Peripheral Region ◽  
Synaptic Activity ◽  
Synaptic Physiology ◽  
Neuromuscular Synapses ◽  
Long Term Changes

1. Previous studies have demonstrated that initial transmitter release, fatigability, and the morphology of identified crayfish neuromuscular synapses adapt to long-term changes in motoneuron impulse activity. 2. Experiments were performed to determine whether these long-term, adaptive alterations in neuromuscular synaptic physiology are triggered by changes in neuromuscular synaptic activity, muscle activity, or neuronal impulse activity. The fast closer excitor of the crayfish claw, a phasic motoneuron, was studied. Either the central or the peripheral region of the motoneuron was selectively stimulated in vivo by blocking impulse activity midway along the motor axon with localized application of tetrodotoxin and stimulating either central or distal to the blocked region. 3. Neither muscle activity nor transmitter release from the neuromuscular synapses was required to trigger the changes in synaptic physiology. Stimulation central to the block induced changes in neuromuscular transmission that included a long-lasting decrease in initial transmitter release and increased fatique resistance. 4. Because peripheral stimulation also produced decreased initial transmitter release, it appears that increased impulse activity in either region of the motoneuron can produce the synaptic changes. These results along with earlier findings suggest that neuronal depolarization induces adaptive, long-term changes in synapses. 5. These results are discussed in relation to findings at vertebrate and invertebrate synapses.

Effect of Preservation on the Weight of Marine Benthic Invertebrates

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric L. Mills ◽  
Karin Pittman ◽  
Brent Munroe
Keyword(s):  
Benthic Invertebrates ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tissue Composition ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Biomass Determination ◽  
Marine Benthic Invertebrates

It would be convenient if preserved animals could be used to determine fresh-weight biomass. However, marine annelids, nematodes, bivalves, amphipods, and isopods all lost weight when preserved and stored in 70% isopropanol. In 10% formalin only bivalves lost weight significantly; the other groups showed evidence of small increases or decreases. Many animals preserved in alcohol decreased sharply in weight within a few minutes, probably due to dehydration. In formalin most increased at first, then slowly decreased. The response to preservatives is complex, involving short-term changes of water content and long-term changes of tissue composition. Precision, though not accuracy, of preserved wet weights can only be achieved after specimens have been in preservatives for a month or more, especially in the case of isopropanol. For these reasons, wet and dry weight biomass figures should be determined from fresh, unpreserved animals.Key words: fixation, preservation (organisms), biomass determination, benthos

scholarly journals Dynamic Laser Speckle Technique Sensing Long-Term Changes Caused by Painting Treatments in Restauration of Paintings

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto J. Pérez ◽  
Rolando J. González-Peña ◽  
Roberto Braga Jr ◽  
Ángel Perles ◽  
Eva Pérez–Marín ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Method ◽  
Laser Speckle ◽  
The Other ◽  
Portable Equipment ◽  
Time Rate ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Slow Activity ◽  
Low Activity

Dynamic laser speckle is applied as a reliable sensor of activity in all sort of material. Traditional applications are based on a time rate that is usually higher than 10 frames-per-second (FPS). Even in drying processes, where there is a high activity in the first moments after the painting and a slow activity after some minutes or hours, the process is based on the acquisition of images in a time rate that is the same in both moments of high and low activity. In this work, we present an alternative approach to follow the drying of paint and the other processes related to restauration of paintings that takes long-term to reduce the activity. We illuminated, using three different wavelength lasers, an accelerator (Cyclododecane) and a varnish used in restauration of paintings and monitor them at long-term drying using an alternative fps, comparing the results to the traditional method. The work also presents a way to do the monitoring using a portable equipment. The results present the feasibility to use the portable device and show the improvement in the sensitivity of the dynamic laser speckle to sense long-term process regarding the drying of Cyclododecane and Varnish used in restauration.

scholarly journals The Long Term Changes in Liver DNA and Total Protein Contents Following Low Level Sarin Exposure in Rats

2000 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiří Kassa ◽  
František Skopec ◽  
Josef Vachek
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Tritiated Thymidine ◽  
The Other ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Total Concentrations

1. The changes in contents of DNA and total protein in the liver of the rats exposed to low level sarin by inhalation at 3, 6 and 12 months following the exposure were studied. The influence of sarin on the DNA and protein metabolism in liver was determinated by the measurements of incorporation of tritiated thymidine into DNA, the concentration of DNA and total protein. 2. Our results show that not only symptomatic level 3 but also asymptomatic levels 1 and 2 of sarin are able to significantly decrease the incorporation of radiolabelled thymidine without changing total concentrations of DNA as well as protein at three months following sarin exposure. On the other hand, the significant decrease in total contents of DNA and protein in liver without the changes in the incorporation of tritiated thymidine was determined in liver six months following sarin exposure. Practically no significant changes in the metabolism of DNA and protein were observed at 12 months following sarin exposure. 3. Thus, not only clinically manifested intoxication but also low-level, asymptomatic exposure to nerve agents such as sarin is able to influence the metabolism of nucleic acids as well as proteins even several months following the exposure.

The Benefits of a Weight Loss Contest in Overweight and Obese College Students

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Ferrara ◽  
Christine St. Laurent ◽  
Thomas Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
College Students ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Waist To Hip Ratio ◽  
Percent Change ◽  
Long Term Changes

The purpose of this study was to examine whether a weight loss contest would result in changes in body composition in college students. Students were invited to participate in a semester-long weight loss contest. Monthly “weigh-ins” included body weight, body mass index (BMI), percent fat, and circumference measurements. Thirty-nine participants registered for the contest. Only 41% of the original participants attended at least four weigh-ins ( n = 16). Those participants who attended at least four weigh-ins attended more education and exercise sessions than the other participants and significantly reduced their weight, BMI, percent fat, waist, and waist-to-hip ratio over the semester-long contest. Percent change in weight was associated with education ( r = –.39) and exercise sessions attended ( r = –.41). In conclusion, campus-based weight loss contests can be successful in promoting weight loss, although additional studies are needed to determine what factors increase adherence and whether such programs promote long-term changes in physical activity and diet.

scholarly journals Conclusions: Towards a sociology of pandemics and beyond

2021 ◽  
pp. 001139212110235
Author(s):  
Jens O Zinn
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
The Other ◽  
Global Learning ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Technological Means ◽  
Global World

This conclusion revisits the COVID-19 pandemic from the broader perspective of a changing global world. It raises questions regarding the opportunities for global learning under conditions of global divisions and competition and includes learning from the Other, governing within a changing public sphere, and challenging national cultural practices. Moreover, it exemplifies how the society–nature–technology nexus has become crucial for understanding and reconstructing the dynamics of the coronavirus crisis such as the assemblages of geographical conditions, technological means and the governing of ignorance, the occurrence of hotspots as well as living under lockdown conditions. It finishes with some preliminary suggestions how reoccurring pandemics might contribute to long-term changes in human attitudes and behaviour towards the environment and a technologically shaped lifeworld.

scholarly journals The long-term changes in soil organic matter contents and quality in Chernozems  

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 8-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Horáček Jan ◽  
Novák Pavel ◽  
Liebhard Peter ◽  
Strosser Eduard ◽  
Babulicová Mária
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Humic Acid ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Survey ◽  
The Other ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Open Issue

For the purposes of assessment of long-term changes, two sets of Chernozems soil samples were analysed and compared in parallel: ‘old’ file samples obtained during the Soil Survey 1960–1970 in the former Czechoslovakia and a ‘present’ (2013) set of samples from exactly the same sites as the archive samples. The recently collected samples revealed worse qualitative parameters (lower humic acid to fulvic acid (HA/FA) ratios and higher colour quotient Q4/6 values) than the file samples, for all the localities. On the other side, the quantitative soil organic matter (SOM) parameters (oxidizable carbon (C<sub>ox</sub>) and all its determined components) showed contrary results. The amount of total SOM at the same sites is higher now than it was about 50 years ago. It can be concluded that the current decline in SOM quality in Chernozems is partly compensated for by higher accumulation of SOM in the soils. All the analysed Chernozem samples were found to have much worse qualitative SOM parameters than the values mentioned for this soil type in the older literature. However, a comparison of the current data and the file data of Chernozem SOM quality can still be considered an open issue and require more complex research.  

NGOs in WTO Talks: Patterns of Performance and What They Mean

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunnar Sjöstedt
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
The Other ◽  
Doha Round ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Effectiveness And Efficiency

AbstractNon-governmental organizations (NGOs) have remained outside all the GATT rounds since the 1950s. In contrast, hundreds of NGOs have taken part in the current WTO round. This article maps the formal participation of NGOs in five ministerial conferences during the Doha round. It also analyzes various forms of NGO involvement in the WTO trade talks, such as lobbying and capacity-building of developing countries. An assessment of the current and potential capacities of NGOs in the Doha round requires that their performance be seen from an explicit negotiation perspective. Both NGO participation and involvement, as well the interaction between these two forms of NGO performance need to be considered. An assessment of how NGOs may have an impact on negotiation effectiveness and efficiency in WTO rounds should be approached from a long-term perspective and should consider other kinds of outcomes than formal final agreements. NGO performance in WTO may increase the complexity of negotiations or the significance of non-trade issues. NGO activities outside the WTO may disturb multilateral trade negotiations in the short term, such as during ongoing Ministerial Conferences. On the other hand, NGOs may also help to pave the way for constructive long-term changes in the WTO regime, which, in turn, may have a favorable impact on the effectiveness and efficiency of the overall WTO negotiation system.

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