The Phosphate Content and the Biological Activity of the Anterior Lobe Pituitary

1931 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-54
Author(s):  
E. A. SPAUL ◽  
W. W. MYDDLETON
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Phosphate Content ◽  
Iodine Solution ◽  
Active Factor ◽  
Growth Promoting

1. Quantitative estimations directly associate the phosphate phosphorus precipitated by iodine solution from active extracts of the anterior lobe pituitary in dilute acetic acid with the metamorphic activity of the lobe. 2. Substitution of the phosphate content of the iodine precipitate by other radicles (sulphate, acetate, picrate, etc.) results in the loss of activity. 3. The active factor is insoluble in alcohol, chloroform and ether, which distinguishes it from Robertson's growth-promoting tethelin. 4. The melanophore stimulant is independent of the phosphate content. 5. There is a small quantity of phosphate precipitated by iodine solution from posterior lobe extracts which indicates, apart from post-mortem diffusion, either the presence normally of the active factor in this lobe (Cone of Wulzen) or the existence of some other phosphate combination precipitated by iodine, but in effective in metamorphosis.

Biological and Chemical Studies of Extracts of the Anterior Lobe Pituitary

1931 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-43
Author(s):  
E. A. SPAUL ◽  
W. W. MYDDLETON
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Phosphate Content ◽  
Iodine Solution ◽  
Continuous Extraction ◽  
Chemical Studies

1. A buff-coloured precipitate is obtained by the addition of N/20 iodine solution to dilute acetic acid extracts of fresh anterior lobe substance. The volume of the precipitate depends upon the volume of the iodine solution added. Similar acetic acid extracts of tissues and extracts of the anterior lobes prepared with other extracting media do not give the same precipitate with iodine. 2. The precipitate indicates the presence and, within limits, gives an approximate measure of the metamorphic factor in fresh gland extracts of the anterior lobe. 3. Dilute acetic acid extracts of the precipitates after removal of the iodine by shaking with alcohol are biologically active and characterised by their phosphate content. 4. Similar extracts of the posterior lobe give an iodine precipitate but the phosphate content is much lower than that of the anterior lobe precipitate. 5. The iodine in these precipitates is adsorbed or loosely combined. The adsorbed iodine is chemically more reactive than dissolved iodine or iodine crystals giving rapid evolution of nitrogen from sodium azide compared with the failure of the others. 6. The biological activity of anterior lobe extracts varies with the time of extraction and the concentration of the extracts. There is a maximum for the time of extraction at any particular concentration and acid strength after which a loss of potency occurs. There is a continuous extraction--rapid at first--of the melanophore stimulant. The amount increases with the period of extraction and concentration, but is independent of the strength of the acid used in extraction. 7. The metamorphic factor is slowly destroyed by pepsin but rapidly by trypsin. 8. The biological activity is diminished by boiling, or by boiling with dilute hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, or sodium carbonate.

scholarly journals Accelerated Metamorphosis of Frog Tadpoles by Injections of Extract of Anterior Lobe Pituitary Gland and the Administration of Iodine

1924 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-321
Author(s):  
E. A. SPAUL
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Pituitary Extract ◽  
Iodine Solution ◽  
Gland Extract ◽  
Initial Injection ◽  
Frog Tadpoles ◽  
Rapid Transformation

1. Acceleration of the metamorphosis of frog tadpoles is induced by injections of commercial extracts of the anterior lobe pituitary gland extract. 2. The acceleration of metamorphosis produced by iodine in solution in suitable concentrations is not so great as that produced by injections of the anterior pituitary extract. 3. Further increase in the acceleration occurs when the injected specimens are kept in suitable concentrations of iodine solution. 4. The sequence of changes is similar to that observed in the accelerated transformation of tadpoles produced by thyroid or iodine diet. 5. The highest mortality, greatest reduction in size, and most rapid transformation occurs in the highest concentration of iodine, and this is still greater in injected animals kept in iodine solutions. 6. The younger the tadpole the less chance is there of completing metamorphosis under the accelerating stimulus of injected anterior lobe or iodine. 7. There is a paling effect after initial injection less marked in older specimens which is possibly due to inhibiting influence on the posterior lobe of excess of anterior lobe secretion. Idoine has no definite pigment action. 8. Iodine appears to act independently of the anterior lobe injection in the tadpole, the acceleration being apparently the sum of their separate actions.

ALTERATION IN HORMONAL ACTIVITY RESULTING FROM CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF BEEF GROWTH HORMONE

1960 ◽  
Vol XXXIII (I) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Martin Sonenberg ◽  
William L. Money
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Nitrous Acid ◽  
Glacial Acetic Acid ◽  
Thioglycolic Acid ◽  
Hormonal Activity ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Concentrated Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Growth Promoting

ABSTRACT The effect of various reagents, which produce protein derivatives, on the biological activity of growth hormone has been studied. Various conditions which affect growth hormone stability have also been investigated. In general, it has been found that reaction of growth hormone with phenylisocyanate, nitrous acid or concentrated sulfuric acid, under the conditions specified, destroyed the biological activity. Reaction of growth hormone with thioglycolic acid, iodine, or acid methanol yielded growth hormone derivatives which were active or inactive, depending on the reaction conditions. Reaction with acid ethanol, formaldehyde, cysteine, sodium bisulfite, diisopropylfluorophosphate, urea or bromine had no effect on the growth-promoting activity of these preparations. Growth hormone was found to be rather stable in dilute and glacial acetic acid except when heated to a temperature of 94° C. The implications of these findings are discussed. None of the growth hormone derivatives obtained in this study was able to inhibit the growth-promoting response induced by unmodified growth hormone preparations.

A Histological Study of the Ox Pituitary Gland After Freezing and Exposure

1930 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-259
Author(s):  
N. H. HOWES
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Histological Appearance ◽  
Histological Method ◽  
Chemical Content ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Pituitary Glands

1. A histological method is described for a study of post-mortem cytoplasmic changes; the method depends upon observed variations in staining capacity. 2. By the application of this method, a series of cytoplasmic changes were found in ox pituitary glands which had been exposed, after the death of the animal, for varying times to different temperatures. These changes correspond to alterations in the biological activity and chemical content previously investigated. 3. These methods showed that freezing apparently causes no alteration in the distribution of biological activity. 4. It is possible that the histological appearance can be used to determine the suitability of ox pituitary glands for the preparation of active extracts of the anterior lobe.

On the Activity of the Anterior Lobe Pituitary

1930 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-87
Author(s):  
E. A. SPAUL
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
External Sources

1. The standardisation of the method of preparation of extracts and the adoption of a uniform procedure for the estimation of their ability to induce metamorphosis in axolotls or accelerate the transformation of tadpoles to adults permit a biological assay of the metamorphic activity of extracts of the anterior lobe. 2. The metamorphic activity of the anterior lobe is specific, since similar tissue extracts fail to excite a like response and qualitative and quantitative characteristics distinguish it from the activity of the thyroid in metamorphosis. 3. Active preparations are not produced when neutral media or inorganic acids are used for extraction from fresh gland by decoction. 4. The potency of extracts depends upon the strength of the acetic acid used for extraction, the concentration of the extract and the hydrogen-ion concentration. 5. The threshold value of the dose inducing metamorphosis in axolotis by injection and the amount inducing the maximum rate of change increase with the size of the animal. Injections must be continued at regular and suitably short intervals till the completion of the change to maintain the maximum response to any particular dose. 6. The activity of extracts is destroyed by pepsin and trypsin and diminished by dilute hydrochloric acid. Neutralised extracts are inactive. 7. Ringer's and distilled water extracts of thyroid are more active than similar extracts in dilute acetic acid. There is no relation between the activity of these extracts and the hydrogen-ion concentration. 8. There is evidence of an inhibiting influence of the posterior lobe upon metamorphosis. 9. The distribution of the factor responsible for the metamorphic activity of the anterior lobe is not uniform throughout the lobe, less being present at the border than within. No definite localisation is apparent. 10. The anterior lobe influences metamorphosis and growth in size, but the same influence does not appear to operate in the production of each of these effects. The extent to which the growth stimulus is dependent upon and determined by other factors has yet to be determined. 11. The thyroid and pituitary are interdependent, but both seemingly are able to induce metamorphosis in the axolotl independently, and in the absence of the other. In the tadpole independent action in stimulating metamorphosis appears to be possible only in the later stages, co-operation being necessary in development and the earlier stages. 12. The thyroid and pituitary of the adult axolotl appear to be at a low level of functional activity, and metamorphosis is dependent upon the stimulus of glands from external sources when suitably administered, since the rate of change induced is approximately the same in these animals, whether normal, thyroidless, pituitaryless or with both thyroid and pituitary removed. 13. The relationship between the endocrine balance and metamorphosis in the amphibia and its evolutionary significance is discussed. 14. The anterior lobe appears to have a regulative and directive effect within the organism which, as a factor in the internal environment, may have some evolutionary significance.

Ultrastructural investigation of an adenoma of the pituitary post mortem

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 622-623
Author(s):  
Shirley Siew ◽  
W. C. deMendonca
Keyword(s):  
Deleterious Effect ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Definitive Diagnosis ◽  
Pars Intermedia ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Close Apposition ◽  
Autopsy Material ◽  
Progressive Loss ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Means Of Transmission

The deleterious effect of post mortem degeneration results in a progressive loss of ultrastructural detail. This had led to reluctance (if not refusal) to examine autopsy material by means of transmission electron microscopy. Nevertheless, Johannesen has drawn attention to the fact that a sufficient amount of significant features may be preserved in order to enable the establishment of a definitive diagnosis, even on “graveyard” tissue.Routine histopathology of the autopsy organs of a woman of 78 showed the presence of a well circumscribed adenoma in the anterior lobe of the pituitary. The lesion came into close apposition to the pars intermedia. Its architecture was more compact and less vascular than that of the anterior lobe. However, there was some grouping of the cells in relation to blood vessels. The cells tended to be smaller, with a higher nucleocytoplasmic ratio. The cytoplasm showed a paucity of granules. In some of the cells, it was eosinophilic.

scholarly journals Acetobacter sacchari sp. nov., for a plant growth-promoting acetic acid bacterium isolated in Vietnam

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 1155-1163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huong Thi Lan Vu ◽  
Pattaraporn Yukphan ◽  
Van Thi Thu Bui ◽  
Piyanat Charoenyingcharoen ◽  
Sukunphat Malimas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Acetic Acid Bacterium ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Promoting

scholarly journals LL-E19020.ALPHA. and .BETA., animal growth promoting antibiotics: Taxonomy, fermentation and biological activity.

1989 ◽  
Vol 42 (10) ◽  
pp. 1489-1493 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. MAIESE ◽  
M. P. LECHEVALIER ◽  
H. A. LECHEVALIER ◽  
J. KORSHALLA ◽  
J. GOODMAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Animal Growth ◽  
Growth Promoting

scholarly journals Synthesis and Biological Activity of Brassinosteroid Analogues with a Nitrogen-Containing Side Chain

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 155
Author(s):  
Mikhail V. Diachkov ◽  
Karoll Ferrer ◽  
Jana Oklestkova ◽  
Lucie Rarova ◽  
Vaclav Bazgier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Short Side ◽  
Arabidopsis Root ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Brassinosteroid Analogues

Brassinosteroids are a class of plant hormones that regulate a broad range of physiological processes such as plant growth, development and immunity, including the suppression of biotic and abiotic stresses. In this paper, we report the synthesis of new brassinosteroid analogues with a nitrogen-containing side chain and their biological activity on Arabidopis thaliana. Based on molecular docking experiments, two groups of brassinosteroid analogues were prepared with short and long side chains in order to study the impact of side chain length on plants. The derivatives with a short side chain were prepared with amide, amine and ammonium functional groups. The derivatives with a long side chain were synthesized using amide and ammonium functional groups. A total of 25 new brassinosteroid analogues were prepared. All 25 compounds were tested in an Arabidopsis root sensitivity bioassay and cytotoxicity screening. The synthesized substances showed no significant inhibitory activity compared to natural 24-epibrassinolide. In contrast, in low concentration, several compounds (8a, 8b, 8e, 16e, 22a and 22e) showed interesting growth-promoting activity. The cytotoxicity assay showed no toxicity of the prepared compounds on cancer and normal cell lines.

scholarly journals Isolation and Characterization of Salt Tolerant Endophytic and Rhizospheric Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) Associated with the Halophyte Plant (Sesuvium Verrucosum) Grown in KSA

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 552-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed A.M. El-Awady ◽  
Mohamed M. Hassan ◽  
Yassin M. Al-Sodany
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Exponential Growth Phase ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Growth Promoting

This study was designed to isolate and characterize endophytic and rhizospheric bacteria associated with the halophyte plant Sesuvium verrucosum, grown under extreme salinity soil in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The plant growth promotion activities of isolated bacterial were evaluated in vitro. A total of 19 salt tolerant endophytic and rhizospheric bacterial isolates were obtained and grouped into six according to genetic similarity based on RAPD data. These six isolates were identified by amplification and partial sequences of 16S rDNA as Enterobacter cancerogenus,Vibrio cholerae, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and two Enterobacter sp. Isolates were then grown until exponential growth phase to evaluate the atmospheric nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and production of phytohormones such as indole-3-acetic acid, as well as 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase activity. While, All of the six strains were negative for ACC deaminaseactivity, two isolates showed Nitrogen fixation activity, three isolates produce the plant hormone (Indole acetic acid) and two isolates have the activity of solubiliztion of organic phosphate. Among the six isolates, the isolate (R3) from the soil around the roots is able to perform the three previous growth promoting possibilities together and it is ideal for use in promoting the growth of plants under the high salinity conditions. This isolate is candidate to prepare a friendly biofertelizer that can be used for the improvement of the crops performance under salinity conditions.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(3): 552-560

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