The Uptake of Cadmium Into the Haemolymph of the Shore Crab Carcinus Maenas: The Relationship With Copper and Other Divalent Cations

1977 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-161
Author(s):  
D. A. WRIGHT
Keyword(s):  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Cadmium Concentration ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Shore Crab ◽  
Cadmium Level ◽  
Haemolymph Protein ◽  
Urine Cadmium ◽  
The Relationship

When Carcinus was exposed to 20 μ-mol l−1 cadmium, the haemolymph cadmium level was initially dependent upon the salinity of the external medium. After 14 days the mean haemolymph cadmium level in 50% s.w. animals was nearly twice that of 100% s.w. animals. This trend was not sustained, however, and the situation was complicated by occasional inconsistent values. In both in vivo and in vitro conditions nearly all the haemolymph cadmium becomes bound to haemolymph protein within a few days. The relationship between haemolymph cadmium, copper and protein concentration has been investigated. Although the latter are highly correlated with each other, cadmium formed a significant positive relationship with haemolymph copper (r = 0.523) and protein (r = 0.533) only after 3–4 weeks uptake. Exposure to 20 μ-mol l−1 cadmium has no obvious effects on haemolymph protein and copper concentrations, which are clearly dependent on feeding status. Mortalities among experimental animals were often preceded by a rise in haemolymph cadmium concentration. This is usually seen before there are any obvious signs of tissue breakdown. Urine cadmium loss is probably unimportant as a pathway for the elimination of this metal. Urine cadmium concentrations often exceeded serum cadmium levels indicating that cadmium may sometimes be eliminated in bound form.

scholarly journals Crustacean hyperglycaemic hormone (CHH)-like peptides and CHH-precursor-related peptides from pericardial organ neurosecretory cells in the shore crab, Carcinus maenas, are putatively spliced and modified products of multiple genes

2001 ◽  
Vol 356 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinrich DIRCKSEN ◽  
Detlef BÖCKING ◽  
Uwe HEYN ◽  
Christa MANDEL ◽  
J. Sook CHUNG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Peptide ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Penaeid Shrimp ◽  
Neurosecretory Cells ◽  
Shore Crab ◽  
Amino Acid Peptide ◽  
C Terminus ◽  
Gene Structures

About 24 intrinsic neurosecretory neurons within the pericardial organs (POs) of the crab Carcinus maenas produce a novel crustacean hyperglycaemic hormone (CHH)-like peptide (PO-CHH) and two CHH-precursor-related peptides (PO-CPRP I and II) as identified immunochemically and by peptide chemistry. Edman sequencing and MS revealed PO-CHH as a 73 amino acid peptide (8630Da) with a free C-terminus. PO-CHH and sinus gland CHH (SG-CHH) share an identical N-terminal sequence, positions 1–40, but the remaining sequence, positions 41–73 or 41–72, differs considerably. PO-CHH may have different precursors, as cDNA cloning of PO-derived mRNAs has revealed several similar forms, one exactly encoding the peptide. All PO-CHH cDNAs contain a nucleotide stretch coding for the SG-CHH41–76 sequence in the 3′-untranslated region (UTR). Cloning of crab testis genomic DNA revealed at least four CHH genes, the structure of which suggest that PO-CHH and SG-CHH arise by alternative splicing of precursors and possibly post-transcriptional modification of PO-CHH. The genes encode four exons, separated by three variable introns, encoding part of a signal peptide (exon I), the remaining signal peptide residues, a CPRP, the PO-CHH1–40/SG-CHH1–40 sequences (exon II), the remaining PO-CHH residues (exon III) and the remaining SG-CHH residues and a 3′-UTR (exon IV). Precursor and gene structures are more closely related to those encoding related insect ion-transport peptides than to penaeid shrimp CHH genes. PO-CHH neither exhibits hyperglycaemic activity in vivo, nor does it inhibit Y-organ ecdysteroid synthesis in vitro. From the morphology of the neurons it seems likely that novel functions remain to be discovered.

Antibacterial activity in the haemocytes of the shore crab,Carcinus maenas

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 529-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
June R. S. Chisholm ◽  
Valerie J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Shore Crab ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Heat Stable ◽  
Gram Negative Organisms ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

The presence of antibacterial activity in the haemocytes of the shore crab,Carcinus maenas(L.) (Crustacea: Decapoda), was investigated using a selection of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria from geographically diverse waters. Preliminary investigations into the relationship between this activity and the prophenoloxidase activating system (proPO) were also carried out. Antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms were found to reside exclusively in the granular haemocytes and eight of the twelve bacteria tested were susceptible to this effect. Additional studies, usingPsychrobacter immobilis(=Moraxellasp.), revealed that the factor (or factors) responsible was 90% effective within 60 min and was also heat stable, independent of divalent cations, and non-lytic in character. Although antibacterial activity resides in the same cell population that carries the proPO system, there appears to be no relationship between antibacterial activity and phenoloxidase itself. Other components of the proPO system, however, may be involved.

Host Defence Reactions of the Shore Crab, Carcinus Maenas (L.): Clearance and Distribution of Injected Test Particles

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie J. Smith ◽  
N. A. Ratcliffe
Keyword(s):  
Specific Activity ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Shore Crab ◽  
Foreign Material ◽  
Defence Mechanisms ◽  
Test Particles ◽  
Cellular Defence ◽  
Defence Reactions

It is well established that crustaceans can overcome infection and clear foreign material introduced into the circulation (Cornick & Stewart, 1968; Tyson & Jenkin, 1973; Stewart & Zwicker, 1974). In the absence of vertebrate-type specific acquired immunity, the non-specific activity mediated by the circulating blood cells appears to be of considerable importance in resistance to disease (Sindermann, 1971). Among the cellular defence mechanisms of the Crustacea, phagocytosis has received most attention and there is considerable evidence from in vitro studies that this process plays an important part in the removal of foreign particles from the blood (McKay & Jenkin, 1970a; Paterson & Stewart, 1974; Tyson & Jenkin, 1974; Paterson, Stewart & Zwicker, 1976; Smith & Ratcliffe, 1978). Such studies, however, may not always reflect the true in vivo condition, and there is a great need for correlated in vitro and in vivo investigations.

PROPRIOCEPTIVE INPUT FROM TWO BASAL JOINT STRETCH RECEPTORS TO LEG MOTONEURONES IN THE ISOLATED THORACIC GANGLION OF THE SHORE CRAB

1992 ◽  
Vol 163 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-208
Author(s):  
STEWART I. HEAD ◽  
BRIAN M.H. BUSH
Keyword(s):  
Motor Nerve ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Thoracic Ganglion ◽  
Shore Crab ◽  
Chordotonal Organ ◽  
Leg Muscles ◽  
Receptor Organ ◽  
Motor Nerves

The reflex effects and interactions of two proprioceptors upon motoneurones supplying the four basal leg muscles of the shore crab Carcinus maenas have been studied in a new in vitro preparation consisting of the thoracic-coxal muscle receptor organ (TCMRO) and the coxo-basal chordotonal organ (CBCO) isolated together with the whole thoracic ganglion complex to which they were still connected by their afferent nerves. Each receptor strand was stimulated mechanically, while recording intracellularly from motoneurones in the ganglion, and extracellularly from the cut motor nerves innervating the promotor and remotor muscles of the thoracic-coxal (T—C) joint and the levator and depressor muscles of the coxo-basal (C—B) joint. Stretch of the TCMRO evoked reflex firing in several units in the promotor motor nerve, confirming previous studies. In addition to this ‘intrajoint’ reflex, however, TCMRO stretch also elicited ‘interjoint’ reflex responses in motoneurones of both the levator and depressor muscles. Similarly, stretch and release of the CBCO produced intrajoint resistance reflexes in levator and depressor motoneurones, respectively, as well as interjoint reflexes in promotor and remotor motoneurones. In general, the CBCO produced stronger reflex effects in all four motor nerves than did the TCMRO. Intracellular recordings from individual motoneurones of all four muscles revealed that the majority of them received convergent input from both proprioceptors. The importance of such convergent input in vivo is discussed

Ultrastructural Correlations between Clonal Human Tumor Colonies and in Vivo Neoplasms

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 210-211
Author(s):  
M.J. Murphy ◽  
R.R. Price ◽  
J.C. Sloman
Keyword(s):  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Human Tumor ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Tumor Mass ◽  
Initial Cell ◽  
Cloning Assay ◽  
Human Tumor Cloning ◽  
The Relationship

The in vitro human tumor cloning assay originally described by Salmon and Hamburger has been applied recently to the investigation of differential anti-tumor drug sensitivities over a broad range of human neoplasms. A major problem in the acceptance of this technique has been the question of the relationship between the cultured cells and the original patient tumor, i.e., whether the colonies that develop derive from the neoplasm or from some other cell type within the initial cell population. A study of the ultrastructural morphology of the cultured cells vs. patient tumor has therefore been undertaken to resolve this question. Direct correlation was assured by division of a common tumor mass at surgical resection, one biopsy being fixed for TEM studies, the second being rapidly transported to the laboratory for culture.

scholarly journals Role of interleukins in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Xin She ◽  
Qing Yang Yu ◽  
Xiao Xiao Tang
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Regulation Mechanisms ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Multiple Cells ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractInterleukins, a group of cytokines participating in inflammation and immune response, are proved to be involved in the formation and development of pulmonary fibrosis. In this article, we reviewed the relationship between interleukins and pulmonary fibrosis from the clinical, animal, as well as cellular levels, and discussed the underlying mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. Despite the effects of interleukin-targeted treatment on experimental pulmonary fibrosis, clinical applications are lacking and unsatisfactory. We conclude that intervening in one type of interleukins with similar functions in IPF may not be enough to stop the development of fibrosis as it involves a complex network of regulation mechanisms. Intervening interleukins combined with other existing therapy or targeting interleukins affecting multiple cells/with different functions at the same time may be one of the future directions. Furthermore, the intervention time is critical as some interleukins play different roles at different stages. Further elucidation on these aspects would provide new perspectives on both the pathogenesis mechanism, as well as the therapeutic strategy and drug development.

scholarly journals Insights in Behavior of Variably Formulated Alginate-Based Microcapsules for Cell Transplantation

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pia Montanucci ◽  
Silvia Terenzi ◽  
Claudio Santi ◽  
Ilaria Pennoni ◽  
Vittorio Bini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Live Cells ◽  
High Performing ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Degenerative Disorders ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Better Than

Alginate-based microencapsulation of live cells may offer the opportunity to treat chronic and degenerative disorders. So far, a thorough assessment of physical-chemical behavior of alginate-based microbeads remains cloudy. A disputed issue is which divalent cation to choose for a high performing alginate gelling process. Having selected, in our system, high mannuronic (M) enriched alginates, we studied different gelling cations and their combinations to determine their eventual influence on physical-chemical properties of the final microcapsules preparation,in vitroandin vivo. We have shown that used of ultrapure alginate allows for high biocompatibility of the formed microcapsules, regardless of gelation agents, while use of different gelling cations is associated with corresponding variable effects on the capsules’ basic architecture, as originally reported in this work. However, only the final application which the capsules are destined to will ultimately guide the selection of the ideal, specific gelling divalent cations, since in principle there are no capsules that are better than others.

scholarly journals Ferroptosis contributes to isoflurane-induced neurotoxicity and learning and memory impairment

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengfei Liu ◽  
Jing Yuan ◽  
Yetong Feng ◽  
Xin Chen ◽  
Guangsuo Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Dimethyl Fumarate ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Transport Chain ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractFerroptosis is a novel type of programmed cell death, which is different from apoptosis and autophagic cell death. Recently, ferroptosis has been indicated to contribute to the in vitro neurotoxicity induced by isoflurane, which is one of the most common anesthetics in clinic. However, the in vivo position of ferroptosis in isoflurane-induced neurotoxicity as well as learning and memory impairment remains unclear. In this study, we mainly explored the relationship between ferroptosis and isoflurane-induced learning and memory, as well as the therapeutic methods in mouse model. Our results indicated that isoflurane induced the ferroptosis in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner in hippocampus, the organ related with learning and memory ability. In addition, the activity of cytochrome c oxidase/Complex IV in mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) was increased by isoflurane, which might further contributed to cysteine deprivation-induced ferroptosis caused by isoflurane exposure. More importantly, isoflurane-induced ferroptosis could be rescued by both ferroptosis inhibitor (ferrostatin-1) and mitochondria activator (dimethyl fumarate), which also showed effective therapeutic action against isoflurane-induced learning and memory impairment. Taken together, our data indicate the close association among ferroptosis, mitochondria and isoflurane, and provide a novel insight into the therapy mode against isoflurane-induced learning and memory impairment.

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