Induction of transport of organic anions in Malpighian tubules of Rhodnius

1975 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 755-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. Maddrell ◽  
B. O. Gardiner
Keyword(s):  
Blood Meal ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Abdominal Distension ◽  
Organic Anions ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Transport Mechanisms ◽  
Ringer’S Solution ◽  
Protein Rich

1.The ability of Rhodnius Malpighian tubules to transport organic anions such as p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) and amaranth depends on the physiological state of the insect. Unfed insects progressively lose this ability, but the transport mechanisms rapidly become activated after a blood meal. 2. This induction occurs in adults as well as larval instars and is not prevented by decapitation. 3. No increase in rates of excretion of organic anions follows a meal of Ringer's solution or a single injection of 0–1 mumoles of PAH into the haemolymph. 4. Accelerated PAH excretion is induced in insects fed (a) blood plasma alone or a suspension of red blood cells in saline, (b) solutions of serum albumin or casein, and (c) whole or diluted milk. 5. These results show that the ingestion of a protein-rich meal is sufficient to induce an accelerated transport of organic anions such as PAH and they suggest that this induction is not controlled by a hormone released in response to abdominal distension but depends instead on the continued presence in the haemolymph of some product of digestion of the meal.

The anterior and posterior ‘stomach’ regions of larval Aedes aegypti midgut: regional specialization of ion transport and stimulation by 5-hydroxytryptamine

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.M. Clark ◽  
A. Koch ◽  
D.F. Moffett
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Ion Transport ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Transport Mechanisms ◽  
Regional Specialization ◽  
Negative Deflection ◽  
Electrical Polarity

The ‘stomach’ region of the larval mosquito midgut is divided into histologically distinct anterior and posterior regions. Anterior stomach perfused symmetrically with saline in vitro had an initial transepithelial potential (TEP) of −66 mV (lumen negative) that decayed within 10–15 min to a steady-state TEP near −10 mV that was maintained for at least 1 h. Lumen-positive TEPs were never observed in the anterior stomach. The initial TEP of the perfused posterior stomach was opposite in polarity, but similar in magnitude, to that of the anterior stomach, measuring +75 mV (lumen positive). This initial TEP of the posterior stomach decayed rapidly at first, then more slowly, eventually reversing the electrical polarity of the epithelium as lumen-negative TEPs were recorded in all preparations within 70 min. Nanomolar concentrations of the biogenic amine 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) stimulated both regions, causing a negative deflection of the TEP of the anterior stomach and a positive deflection of the TEP of the posterior stomach. Phorbol 12,13-diacetate also caused a negative deflection of the TEP of the anterior stomach, but had no effect on the TEP of the posterior stomach. These data demonstrate that 5-HT stimulates region-specific ion-transport mechanisms in the stomach of Aedes aegypti and suggest that 5-HT coordinates the actions of the Malpighian tubules and midgut in the maintenance of an appropriate hemolymph composition in vivo.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Pemberian Buah Pisang Mas Terhadap Peningkatan Kadar Hb Pada Ibu Hamil Trimester III

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-54
Author(s):  
Elsa Kumala Safitri ◽  
Miftahul Mualimah ◽  
Herliana Riska
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Banana Fruit ◽  
Signed Rank ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Protein Rich ◽  
The Given

Hemoglobin is a protein-rich substance bezi, Have affinity (power team) against oxygen and with oxygen it forms a oxihemoglobin in red blood cells. The goal in this research is to know the influence of banana fruit mas to increased hemoglobin on pregnant women trimester III in BPM Ny "B" Ngasem Regency Kediri Year 2017. In this research method using alphabets experiment and approach Pre alphabets experiment with Purposive Sampling. This research was conducted in BPM Ny "B" Ngasem Regency Kediri Year 2017. Instruments in use are sheets of observation, data analysis with the iji Wlcoxon Signed Rank. Results of research of banana fruit mas on pregnant women this trimester III that the magnitude of the value of ρ is less than the value of 0.000 α = 0.05 (0.000 < 0.05) so that H0 is rejected and the H1 is accepted means there is influence of hemoglobin levels before and after the given bananas mas against peningktan the levels of haemoglobin in pregnant women Trimester III in BPM Ny. " B “ Ngasem Regency Kediri year 2017. With this expected to consume fruit banana mas on pregnant women may help lower III trimester anemia with practical.

Novel aspects of the transport of organic anions by the malpighian tubules of Drosophila melanogaster

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (23) ◽  
pp. 3575-3584 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M. Linton ◽  
M.J. O'Donnell
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Organic Anion ◽  
Indigo Carmine ◽  
Organic Anions ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Principal Cells ◽  
Anion Transporters ◽  
Mode Of Transport

Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) is a negatively charged organic ion that can pass across the epithelium of Malpighian tubules. Its mode of transport was studied in Malpighian tubules of Drosophila melanogaster. PAH transport was an active process, with a K(m) of 2. 74 mmol l(−)(1) and a V(max) of 88.8 pmol min(−)(1). Tubules had a low passive permeability to PAH, but PAH transport rates (832 nmol min(−)(1)mm(2)) and concentrative ability ([PAH](secreted fluid):[PAH](bath)=81.2) were the highest measured to date for insects. Competition experiments indicated that there were two organic anion transporters, one that transports carboxylate compounds, such as PAH and fluorescein, and another that transports sulphonates, such as amaranth and Indigo Carmine. PAH transport appears to be maximal in vivo because the rate of transport by isolated tubules is not increased when these are challenged with cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, leucokinin I or staurosporine. Basolateral PAH transport was inhibited by ouabain and dependent on the Na(+) gradient. The Malpighian tubules appeared not to possess an organic acid/ α -keto acid exchanger because PAH accumulation was not affected by low concentrations (100 μmol l(−)(1)) of α -keto acids (α -ketoglutarate, glutarate, citrate and succinate) or the activity of phosphokinase C. PAH transport may be directly coupled to the Na(+) gradient, perhaps via Na(+)/organic acid cotransport. Fluorescence microscopy showed that transport of the carboxylate fluorescein was confined to the principal cells of the main (secretory) segment and all the cells of the lower (reabsorptive) segment. Organic anions were transported across the cytoplasm of the principal cells both by diffusion and in vesicles. The accumulation of punctate fluorescence in the lumen is consistent with exocytosis of the cytoplasmic vesicles. Apical PAH transport was independent of the apical membrane potential and may not occur by an electrodiffusive mechanism.

Acai Extract Increases the Red Blood Cell Population via Erythropoietin Upregulation in Mice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuichi Shibuya ◽  
Toshihiko Toda ◽  
Yusuke Ozawa ◽  
Takahiko Shimizu
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Euterpe Oleracea ◽  
Euterpe Oleracea Mart

Acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart. Palmae, Arecaceae) is a palm plant native to the Brazilian Amazon. It contains many nutrients, such as polyphenols, iron, vitamin E, and unsaturated fatty acids, so in recent years, many of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of acai have been reported. However, the effects of acai on hematopoiesis have not been investigated yet. In the present study, we administered acai extract to mice and evaluated its hematopoietic effects. Acai treatment significantly increased the erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and hematocrit contents compared to controls for four days. We then examined the hematopoietic-related markers following a single injection. Acai administration significantly increased the levels of the hematopoietic-related hormone erythropoietin in blood compared to controls and also significantly upregulated the gene expression of Epo in the kidney. Furthermore, in the mice treated with acai extract, the kidneys were positively stained with the hypoxic probe pimonidazole in comparison to the controls. These results demonstrated that acai increases the number of blood cells through an increased erythropoietin expression via hypoxic action in the kidney. Acai can be expected to improve motility through hematopoiesis.

Factors influencing the Interaction of insecticidal Mists on flying Insects

1946 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. L. David ◽  
P. Bracey
Keyword(s):  
Blood Meal ◽  
Maximum Dose ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Progressive Decrease ◽  
Relative Resistance ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Flying Insects ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Spray Droplets

Experiments are described which illustrate some of the ways in which the results of exposing insects to a spray mist are dependent on either their behaviour or physiological state. Only fine mist dispersals with particles below 10 microns in diameter are considered and in such mists the flight movements of the insects are very largely responsible for the collisions between the insect and the droplets. An increase in flight activity leads to the accumulation of a greater number of spray droplets and consequently a higher kill. Under these conditions insecticides such as pyrethrins which exert a strong irritating action on Aëdes in minimal amounts are superior to DDT which does not have this effect. For practical applications under circumstances where the sprays depend on mist action to produce their effect it is advantageous to mix pyrethrum with the DDT sprays so that the maximum dose of the latter may be accumulated.Further experiments are concerned with the relative resistance of male and female Aëdes aegypti to insecticides and the change of resistance which takes place on ageing or as a result of a blood meal. It is shown that the male is innately more susceptible to both pyrethrins and DDT and that the resistance of the females is higher after a blood meal. There is also a progressive decrease in resistance with age.

scholarly journals Metabolic adjustment of Drosophila hemocyte number and sessility by an adipokine

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elodie Ramond ◽  
Bianca Petrignani ◽  
Jan Paul Dudzic ◽  
Jean-Philippe Boquete ◽  
Mickaël Poidevin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Internal Surface ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Peripheral Compartment ◽  
Larval Body ◽  
Signaling Mechanism ◽  
Poor Diet

AbstractIn animals, growth is regulated by the complex interplay between paracrine and endocrine signals. When food is scarce, tissues compete for nutrients, leading to critical resource allocation and prioritization. Little is known about how the immune system maturation is coordinated with the growth of other tissues. Here, we describe a signaling mechanism that regulates the number of hemocytes (blood cells) according to the nutritional state of the Drosophila larva. Specifically, we found that the adipokine NimB5 is produced in the fat body upon nutrient scarcity downstream of metabolic sensors. NimB5 is then secreted and bind to hemocytes to down-regulate their proliferation and adhesion. Blocking this signaling loop results in conditional lethality when larvae are raised on a poor diet, due to excessive hemocyte numbers and insufficient energy storage. Similar regulatory mechanisms shaping the immune system in response to nutrient availability are likely to be widespread in animals.Author summaryDrosophila larval hemocytes (blood cells) are found in two compartments: the lymph gland considered as a reservoir, and the peripheral compartment. Peripheral hemocytes form sessile patches attached to the internal surface of the larval body wall or are found freely circulating in the hemolymph. Little is known about the signals that regulate hemocytes proliferation and localization in the peripheral compartment. In this study, we have identified a new gene, NimrodB5, coding for the NimB5 protein, which is secreted by the fat body and binds to hemocytes. NimB5 inhibits hemocyte proliferation while promoting sessility, leading to an increased number of circulating hemocytes and adhesion defects in NimB5 mutant. We show that nimrodB5 expression by the fat body is controlled by metabolic cues to adjust hemocyte number to the physiological state of the larvae.Interestingly, deregulation of NimB5 causes lethality when larvae are raised on a poor diet due to a defect in regulating hemocytes proliferation. In conclusion, we have identified a new adipokine that optimizes hemocytes number to the physiological state of larvae. Our study also reveals a major role of the fat body in peripheral hematopoiesis regulation and outline how it can be costly to maintain a basal immune defense.

scholarly journals Comparisons of lysine bioavailability in spray-dried blood meal, blood cells, and crystalline lysine in nursery pigs

2000 ◽  
pp. 70-74
Author(s):  
J C Woodworth ◽  
B W James ◽  
Joel M DeRouchey ◽  
Jim L Nelssen ◽  
Michael D Tokach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Meal ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Spray Dried

Excretory role of the midgut in larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.)

1975 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-230
Author(s):  
HF Nijhout
Keyword(s):  
Manduca Sexta ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Transport Mechanisms ◽  
Type B ◽  
Acid Dyes ◽  
Anionic Dyes ◽  
A Minor

Caterpillars of Manduca sexta use two distinct transport mechanisms for the excretion of dyes. One pump (Type A) has a high affinity for acid (anionic) dyes and occurs in the midgut and medial Malpighian tubules. Acid dyes accumulate rapidly in the lumen of the midgut while the Malpighian tubules appear to play only a minor role in the excretion of these dyes. The other pump (Type B) excretes basic (cationic) dyes and is located primarily in the proximal Malpighian tubules. Evidence is presented that hippuric acid competes with acid dyes for excretion by both midgut and Malpighian tubules. After the final-instar larva purges its gut the ability of the midgut and Malpighian tubules to excrete dyes gradually decreases. Sixty hours after the purge only the Malpighian tubules retain some dye excreting activity.

Excretion of alkaloids by malpighian tubules of insects

1976 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. Maddrell ◽  
B. O. Gardiner
Keyword(s):  
Organic Anion ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Fluid Secretion ◽  
Pieris Brassicae ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Benzyl Penicillin ◽  
Calliphora Erythrocephala ◽  
Transport Inhibitor ◽  
Saturation Kinetics ◽  
Ion Movements

Nicotine is transported at high rates by Malpighian tubules of larvae of Manduca sexta, Pieris brassicae and Rhodnius prolixus and the transport persists in the absence of alkaloid from the diet. In the fluid-secreting portion of Rhodnius tubules this transport is not coupled to ion transport, nor is it dependent on the physiological state of the animal. The transport, which can occur against a steep electrochemical gradient, shows saturation kinetics with a maximal rate of 700 pmol. min-1 per tubule and is half saturated at 2–3 mM. Nicotine transport independent of ion movements also occurs in the lower resorptive parts of Rhodnius tubules. Both portions of Rhodnius tubules can transport morphine and atropine. These alkaloids and nicotine compete with one naother and are presumed to be carried by the smae transport system. Nicotine transport in Rhodnius was unaffected by organic anions, such as amaranth and benzyl penicillin, or by the organic anion transport inhibitor, probenecid. Fluid secretion in 5-HT-stimulated tubules was reduced by atropine and nicotine, probably by blocking the 5-HT receptors. The Malpighian tubules of adult Calliphora erythrocephala and Musca domestica remove nicotine from bathing solutions, an unknown metabolic accumulating in the tubules. Adult P. brassicae and M. sexta do not exhibit transport of nicotine by their Malpighian tubules.

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