On the Function of the White Muscles in Teleosts at Intermediate Swimming Speeds

1973 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 509-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICHARD C. L. HUDSON
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Electrical Activities ◽  
Tail Beat ◽  
Increased Activity

1. The swimming performance of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, and the electrical activities, recorded extracellularly, of its red and mosaic muscles have been studied at different swimming speeds. 2. A linear relationship was found between the specific velocity (body lengths/sec) and the frequency of tail beating at frequencies up to 5/sec. 3. The red muscles are active at all swimming speeds at which the fish swim by tail oscillations. Discharges from this muscle decrease in duration with frequency up to 3.5-5.0 beats/sec and then increase while the interburst interval decreases linearly with tail-beat frequency. 4. Mosaic muscle becomes active at 3.05-3.60 tail beats/sec and increases slightly with increasing frequency of tail oscillations. Greatly increased activity was recorded in response to struggling and rapid accelerations. 5. The white (mosaic) muscle mass of teleosts is concluded to be involved at intermediate swimming speeds and to be active at the higher range of cruising speeds.

THE EFFECT OF SOLID AND POROUS CHANNEL WALLS ON STEADY SWIMMING OF STEELHEAD TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS

1993 ◽  
Vol 178 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Wall Effects ◽  
Fish Swimming ◽  
Wide Channel ◽  
Solid Walls ◽  
Tail Beat

Kinematics and steady swimming performance were recorded for steelhead trout (approximately 12.2 cm in total length) swimming in channels 4.5, 3 and 1.6 cm wide in the centre of a flume 15 cm wide. Channel walls were solid or porous. Tail-beat depth and the length of the propulsive wave were not affected by spacing of either solid or porous walls. The product of tail-beat frequency, F, and amplitude, H, was related to swimming speed, u, and to harmonic mean distance of the tail from the wall, z. For solid walls: FH = 1.01(+/−0.31)u0.67(+/−0.09)z(0.12+/−0.02) and for grid walls: FH = 0.873(+/−0.302)u0.74(+/−0.08)z0.064(+/−0.024), where +/−2 s.e. are shown for regression coefficients. Thus, rates of working were smaller for fish swimming between solid walls, but the reduction due to wall effects decreased with increasing swimming speed. Porous grid walls had less effect on kinematics, except at low swimming speeds. Spacing of solid walls did not affect maximum tail-beat frequency, but maximum tail-beat amplitude decreased with smaller wall widths. Maximum tail-beat amplitude similarly decreased with spacing between grid walls, but maximum tail-beat frequency increased. Walls also reduced maximum swimming speed. Wall effects have not been adequately taken into account in most studies of fish swimming in flumes and fish wheels.

Swimming Performance and Behavior of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) and White Perch (Morone americana): Effects of Attaching Telemetry Transmitters

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 488-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest J. Mellas ◽  
James M. Haynes
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
White Perch ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Morone Americana ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dominant Fish ◽  
And Behavior

Implicit in biotelemetry studies is the assumption that transmitter attachment does not affect fish behavior or performance. We conducted experiments to determine effects of external, surgical, and stomach tag attachments on the swimming performance and behavior of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and white perch (Morone americana). Only one rainbow trout changed dominance rank after dummy tag attachment. Subordinate fish had significantly lower weights than subdominant and dominant fish, but there were no significant differences in exhaustion times. Externally tagged trout had significantly lower exhaustion times than other tagged groups and controls. There was no significant difference in exhaustion times among tagged white perch and controls. Externally and surgically tagged perch contracted serious fungal infections during a 45-d survival study; however, few disease and no survival problems among tagged and untagged rainbow trout were noted up to 21 d. With all factors taken into account, it appears that stomach tagging is the best method of transmitter attachment, except when regurgitation and/or stomach atrophy are likely to be encountered.

Differences in Swimming Performance Among Strains of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 304-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan E. Thomas ◽  
Michael J. Donahoo
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Swimming Ability ◽  
Fish Swimming ◽  
Fish Size ◽  
Swimming Time ◽  
Performance Profiles

Swimming performance profiles, relating fish size to swimming time, were established for three strains of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). No differences were found in slope of regressions; only in level at each size of fish. Swimming performances of New Zealand and Sand Creek strains did not differ, but were superior to the Manchester strain. In stamina results from 189-day-old fish from individual matings of seven strains and various crosses, similar strains and crosses had closely matching profiles whereas profiles of unrelated groups were variable. Comparison of slowest, average, and fastest growing fish within the New Zealand strain showed that swimming ability was not related to growth rate.

scholarly journals The influence of cerebellar lesions on the swimming performance of the trout

1992 ◽  
Vol 167 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-178
Author(s):  
B. L. Roberts ◽  
A. van Rossem ◽  
S. de Jager
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Water Tunnel ◽  
Histological Investigation ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Cerebellar Lesions ◽  
All Speeds ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Tail Beat

The influence of partial cerebellar ablation on the performance of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, swimming in a water tunnel was studied. Before surgery, all fish maintained a steady position in the water tunnel at all speeds tested. A linear relationship was found between the specific velocity (body length s-1) and the tail-beat frequency. After partial cerebellectomy, the fish swam well in the tunnel at low speeds, retaining the relationship between tail-beat frequency and specific velocity, but they were unable to maintain a steady position at water speeds requiring tail-beat frequencies above 3.5 s-1 and were swept backwards. Two sham-operated fish swam at all water speeds tested. Post mortem histological investigation showed that the lesions were restricted to the cerebellar corpus. We conclude that the cerebellum plays no role in the generation of motor programmes but may be essential for their selection and implementation.

Seasonal temperature acclimatisation of rainbow trout: cardiovascular and morphometric influences on maximal sustainable exercise level

1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (4) ◽  
pp. 835-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Taylor ◽  
S Egginton ◽  
E Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Stride Length ◽  
Regional Blood Flow ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Slow Muscle ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Arterial Blood

Adult rainbow trout (mass 600-1500 g; length 40-44 cm) were held in the laboratory for up to 28 days at seasonally appropriate temperatures. The maximal sustainable aerobic exercise level (involving slow-twitch muscle activity alone) was determined by following muscle recruitment patterns using electromyography. The mean (± s.e.m.) speeds recorded for maximal sustainable aerobic exercise were 0.52±0.02, 0.81±0.06 and 0.39±0.02 BL s-1 (body lengths per second) for animals swimming at their acclimatisation temperatures of 4, 11 and 18 °C, respectively. Thus, fish acclimatised to 11 °C reached the highest maximal sustainable (purely aerobic) levels of exercise. They had similar stride lengths to the 4 °C animals, but generated less thrust per stride, as indicated by increased tail-beat frequency. Acclimatisation to 4 °C led to an increased mass of slow muscle and more effective tail beats (greater stride length at lower frequencies), relative to animals at higher temperatures. Fish acclimatised to 18 °C had the lowest stride length and a reduced aerobic swimming capacity. Sustainable levels of aerobic exercise were reflected in unchanged values for mean heart rate and arterial blood pressure between rest and imposed, graded exercise. Radiolabelled microspheres were used to determine cardiac output (V.b) and regional blood flow distribution simultaneously in fish, both at rest and while swimming, for each acclimatisation temperature. Fish acclimatised to 11 °C had the greatest scope for increasing V.b. This resulted in a significant hyperaemia in slow muscle upon exercise (10-fold increase), without an active redistribution of flow from other tissues. Maximum V.b at 18 °C did not differ significantly from that at 11 °C but, because resting V.b was higher, the scope was reduced and was similar to that found at 4 °C. Specific blood flow to the active muscle was also reduced and this, together with decreased blood oxygen content and reduced slow muscle mass, may limit aerobic swimming performance at 18 °C.

Going against the flow: an examination of the propulsive movements made by young brook trout in streams

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 853-860 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L McLaughlin ◽  
David LG Noakes
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Pectoral Fins ◽  
Tail Beat ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Heterogeneity ◽  
A Current

We examined the propulsive movements and behaviour of young-of-the-year (YOY) brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) swimming in their natal streams. Our findings demonstrated that swimming performance was influenced by temporal and spatial heterogeneity in water flow. Pectoral fins were used commonly, even by individuals swimming in fast flowing water. There also was spatial variation in the speed attained for a given tail-beat frequency and amplitude. After controlling statistically for variation in spatial location, fork length, and tail-beat amplitude, the swimming speeds brook trout attained for a given tail-beat frequency were lower than values expected from laboratory studies of steady swimming but higher than values expected from laboratory studies of unsteady swimming in standing water. Trout holding station made short-term adjustments in tail-beat frequency also suggesting a degree of unsteady swimming. A field experiment demonstrated that introduction of a current-velocity refuge reduced swimming costs by 10%, on average, without affecting the frequency of foraging attempts made.

Maximum Tolerable Level, Digestion, and Metabolism of D-Glucose (Cerelose) in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Reared on a Practical Trout Diet

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 1229-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Hilton ◽  
J. L. Atkinson ◽  
S. J. Slinger
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Tolerable Level

The maximum tolerable dietary level, digestion, and metabolism of D-glucose (cerelose) were investigated in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) reared on practical diets containing optimum protein and lipid levels at two different water temperatures for 12 wk. Liver glycogen levels (LG) and liver:body weight ratios (LB) initially increased with increasing dietary glucose, but leveled off above 10–15% glucose. The plateauing of LB and LG was consistent with the plateauing of liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity (G6PD) and probably overall hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS) activity at high dietary levels of glucose. This indicates that there may be an optimum ratio of digestible carbohydrate to lipid in salmonid diets. LG and LB tended to be higher in trout reared upon the same dietary glucose level in fish reared at 11 °C as compared with those at 15 °C. This may have been caused by increased activity of the HMS as indicated by increased activity of liver G6PD in fish acclimated to 11 °C as compared to trout reared at 15 °C on the same dietary glucose level (when assayed at 15 °C). The digestion coefficient of glucose was uniformly high (96–99%) and not affected by either dietary glucose level (up to 25% of the diet) or water temperature (11 or 15 °C). The maximum tolerable level of glucose in salmonid diets appears to be dependent upon the protein, lipid, and overall energy content of the diet.Key words: trout, glucose digestion, glucose metabolism, maximum tolerable levels, water temperature, dietary energy

Swimming performance and behaviour of young-of-the-year shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum) under fixed and increased velocity swimming tests

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Deslauriers ◽  
J.D. Kieffer
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Shortnose Sturgeon ◽  
Fish Swimming ◽  
Acipenser Brevirostrum ◽  
Burst Swimming ◽  
Young Of The Year ◽  
All Speeds ◽  
Tail Beat

Swimming performance and behaviour in fish has been shown to vary depending on the investigation method. In this study, an endurance swimming curve was generated for young-of-the-year shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum LeSueur, 1818) (~7 cm total length, ~2 g) and compared with values determined in a separate incremental swimming (critical swimming, Ucrit) test. Using video, tail-beat frequency (TBF) was quantified and compared for fish swimming under both swimming tests. From the endurance-curve analysis, it was found that sturgeon did not display a statistically significant burst swimming phase. Maximum sustainable swimming speed (calculated to be 18.00 cm·s–1) from the endurance curve occurred at ~80% of Ucrit (22.30 cm·s–1). TBF was similar at all speeds for both swimming tests, except at speeds approaching Ucrit, where fish displayed TBFs of 4.29 Hz for the endurance protocol and 2.26 Hz for the Ucrit protocol. TBF was more variable between individuals swimming at the same speed within the Ucrit compared with the endurance protocol. Finally, a significant negative correlation was found between TBF and Ucrit in individual fish, suggesting that station-holding may be an important energy saving strategy during swimming in this size class of sturgeon.

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