The Circadian Rhythm of Flight Activity of the Mosquito Anopheles Gambiae: The Light-Response Rhythm

1972 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-346
Author(s):  
M. D. R. JONES ◽  
C. M. CUBBIN ◽  
D. MARSH
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Phase Response Curve ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Flight Activity ◽  
Phase Shifting ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
Maximum Phase ◽  
Activity Peak ◽  
Mosquito Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Normal Light

1. In sugar-fed A. gambiae females, light may affect flight activity directly or by changing the phase of the circadian rhythm; both responses depend on the phase of the rhythm. 2. The phase-response curve (1 h, 70 lux, signals given in the first cycle in DD following LD 12:12) shows a sharp swing, at about 3 h after normal light-off, from a maximum phase-delay to a maximum phase-advance, each of about 2 h. When signals are given at this time, phase re-setting is very variable; cyclical activity continues but the individuals are out of phase. 3. Phase shifting appears to be a function of the energy of the signal. A 5 min, 70 lux signal has no apparent effect. The effect of a 1 h signal increases with intensity, up to at least 500 lux, but does not appear to be significant below 10 lux. 4. Light normally inhibits flight activity, but there is a burst of activity at light-on (light-on response) if it occurs during the active half of the cycle following the initial activity peak. A vigorous light-on response occurs even at the lowest intensity used (0.3 lux).

scholarly journals Phase shifting the circadian rhythm of neuronal activity in the isolated Aplysia eye with puromycin and cycloheximide. Electrophysiological and biochemical studies.

1976 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
B S Rothman ◽  
F Strumwasser
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Compound Action Potential ◽  
Phase Shifting ◽  
Constant Darkness ◽  
Leucine Incorporation ◽  
Drug Treatments ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Electrophysiological Effects

The effects of pulse application of puromycin (PURO) or cycloheximide (CHX) were tested on the circadian rhythm (CR) of spontaneous compound action potential (CAP) activity in the isolated Aplysia eye. CAP activity was recorded from the optic nerve in constant darkness at 15degreesC. PURO pulses (6, 12 h; 12--134 mug/ml) and CHX pulses (12 h, 500--2,000 mug/ml) caused dose-dependent phase delays in the CR when administered during projected night. PURO pulses (6 h, 125 mug/ml) caused phase advances when given during projected day and caused phase delays when given during projected night. In biochemical experiments PURO (12 h, 20 mug/ml) and CHX (12 h, 500 mug/ml) inhibited leucine incorporation into the eye by about 50%. PURO (12 h; 50, 125 mug/ml) also changed the molecular weight distribution of proteins synthesized by the eye during the pulse. The effect of PURO (12 h, 125 mug/ml) on the level of incorporation was almost completely reversible within the next 12 h but the phase-shifted eye showed an latered spectrum of proteins for up to 28 h after the pulse. In electrophysiological experiments spontaneous CAP activity and responses to light were measured before, during, and after drug treatments. In all, eight parameters in three periods were analyzed quantitatively. Of these 24 indices, only 3 showed significant changes. PURO increased spontaneous CAP frequency by 67% 0-7 h after the drug pulse and increased the CAP amplitude of the tonic light response by 23% greater than 7 h after the pulse. CHX increased the intraburst spontaneous CAP frequency by 33% during the pulse and CAP frequency of the tonic light response by 32% 0-7 h after the pulse. The above data indicate that phase-shifting doses of PURO and CHX inhibit protein synthesis in the eye without causing adverse electrophysiological effects, and suggest that protein synthesis is involved in the production of the CR of the isolated Aplysia eye.

A circadian rhythm in the locomotive behaviour of the giant garden slug Limax maximus

1977 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-64
Author(s):  
P. G. Sokolove ◽  
C. M. Beiswanger ◽  
D. J. Prior ◽  
A. Gelperin
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Phase Angle ◽  
Circadian Rhythmicity ◽  
Constant Darkness ◽  
Light Cycle ◽  
Circadian Activity ◽  
Locomotor Rhythm ◽  
Activity Peak ◽  
Limax Maximus

The locomotor activity of the garden slug Limax maximus was examined for components of circadian rhythmicity. Behavioural (running wheel) studies clearly demonstrated that the activity satisfies the principal criteria of circadian rhythmicity. In constant darkness at a constant temperature, the locomotor activity freeran with a period of about 24 h (range 23-6-24-6 h). The rhythm was also expressed in constant light with a period for individual slugs that tended to be shorter in LL than in DD. The period of the rhythm was temperature compensated (11–5-21-5 degrees C) with a Q10 approximately equal to 1–00. The locomotor rhythm could be entrained to 24 h LD cycles such that the circadian activity peak occurred during the dark. The phase angle between the onset of activity and lights-off was not fixed, but was a function of the photoperiod of the entraining light cycle.

Organization of rat circadian rhythms during daily infusion of melatonin or S20098, a melatonin agonist

1999 ◽  
Vol 277 (3) ◽  
pp. R812-R828 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Pitrosky ◽  
R. Kirsch ◽  
A. Malan ◽  
E. Mocaer ◽  
P. Pevet
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Phase Response Curve ◽  
Constant Darkness ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
General Activity ◽  
Activity Peak ◽  
Free Running ◽  
Wheel Activity ◽  
Free Running Period

Daily administration of melatonin or S20098, a melatonin agonist, is known to entrain the free-running circadian rhythms of rats. The effects of the duration of administration on entrainment were studied. The animals demonstrated free-running circadian rhythms (running-wheel activity, body temperature, general activity) in constant darkness. Daily infusions of melatonin or S20098 for 1, 8, or 16 h entrained the circadian rhythms to 24 h. Two daily infusions of 1 h (separated by 8 h) entrained the activity peak within the shorter time interval. The entraining properties of melatonin and S20098 were similar and were affected neither by pinealectomy nor by infusion of 1- or 8-h duration. However, with 16-h infusion, less than half of the animals became entrained. Once entrained, the phase angle between the onset of infusion and the rhythms (onset of activity or acrophase of body temperature) increased with the duration of infusion. Before entrainment, the free-running period increased with the duration of infusion, an effect that was not predictable from the phase response curve.

scholarly journals PDF neuron firing phase-shifts key circadian activity neurons in Drosophila

eLife ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Guo ◽  
Isadora Cerullo ◽  
Xiao Chen ◽  
Michael Rosbash
Keyword(s):  
Response Curve ◽  
Phase Response Curve ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Phase Shifting ◽  
Constant Darkness ◽  
Behavioral Rhythms ◽  
Circadian Phase ◽  
Phase Adjustment ◽  
Drosophila Brain ◽  
A Cell

Our experiments address two long-standing models for the function of the Drosophila brain circadian network: a dual oscillator model, which emphasizes the primacy of PDF-containing neurons, and a cell-autonomous model for circadian phase adjustment. We identify five different circadian (E) neurons that are a major source of rhythmicity and locomotor activity. Brief firing of PDF cells at different times of day generates a phase response curve (PRC), which mimics a light-mediated PRC and requires PDF receptor expression in the five E neurons. Firing also resembles light by causing TIM degradation in downstream neurons. Unlike light however, firing-mediated phase-shifting is CRY-independent and exploits the E3 ligase component CUL-3 in the early night to degrade TIM. Our results suggest that PDF neurons integrate light information and then modulate the phase of E cell oscillations and behavioral rhythms. The results also explain how fly brain rhythms persist in constant darkness and without CRY.

Phase Shifting Effect of Caffeine in the Circadian Rhythm of Phaseolus coccineus L

1975 ◽  
Vol 30 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 855-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Mayer ◽  
I. Scherer
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Phaseolus Coccineus ◽  
Phase Shifting ◽  
Leaf Movement ◽  
Circadian Leaf Movement

Abstract Caffeine, Circadian Rhythm, Sleep and Wakefulness, Phaseolus coccineus L. 4-hour caffeine pulses (10 mᴍ) offered via the trans­ piration stream advances or delays the phase of the circadian leaf movement rhythm of Phaseolus coccineus as a function of the phase of application. It is hypothesized that the caffeine effect upon sleep and wakefulness in man is partly due to this phase-shifting effect.

Involvement of protein synthesis in circadian clock of Aplysia eye

1986 ◽  
Vol 250 (1) ◽  
pp. R5-R17
Author(s):  
D. P. Lotshaw ◽  
J. W. Jacklet
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Response Curve ◽  
Phase Response Curve ◽  
Phase Shifting ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibition ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors ◽  
Synthesis Inhibition ◽  
Subjective Night ◽  
Induce Phase

The effects of the protein synthesis inhibitors anisomycin and puromycin were measured on protein synthesis and phase shifting of the circadian rhythm in the isolated Aplysia eye. Anisomycin pulses induce phase delays proportional in magnitude to the duration and percentage of protein synthesis inhibition. The phase-response curve to anisomycin pulses consisted of delays induced throughout the subjective night. Delays were maximal between circadian times (CT) 18 and CT 2; pulses initiated between CT 2 and CT 12 did not phase shift. Puromycin induced phase delays and advances. Delays were proportional to the duration and percentage of protein synthesis inhibition, occurring with increasing magnitude throughout the subjective night (CT 12-2). Peptidyl-puromycin formation may contribute to the magnitude of the delay. Advances, occurring between CT 2 and CT 8, required a greater drug concentration and pulse duration than delays and appeared to result from an effect other than protein synthesis inhibition. Our results support the hypothesis of a phase-dependent requirement for protein synthesis during the subjective night in this circadian clock.

Glucocorticosteroid injection is a circadian zeitgeber in the laboratory rat

1982 ◽  
Vol 243 (3) ◽  
pp. R373-R378 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. D. Horseman ◽  
C. F. Ehret
Keyword(s):  
Phase Response Curve ◽  
Phase Shifts ◽  
Phase Shifting ◽  
Constant Darkness ◽  
Circadian Cycle ◽  
Saline Injection ◽  
Laboratory Rats ◽  
Circadian Phase ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

Intraperitoneal temperatures were monitored by radiotelemetry to observe the thermoregulatory rhythm of male laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus) Rats received single injections of dexamethasone (as dexamethasone sodium phosphate) during constant darkness (0.1 lx) with food freely available or no food available. No phase shifts occurred following saline injection or dexamethasone at 1 mg/kg body wt. Depending on the phase of injection relative to the circadian cycle, dexamethasone at 10 mg/kg caused thermoregulatory peaks to be either delayed or advanced on the 4th and 5th day after injection. There was an insensitive interval which corresponded to subjective day. Phase shifts induced by dexamethasone during ad libitum feeding were of less magnitude than those induced during starvation. The determination of phase-shifting parameters (i.e., a phase-response curve) for hormonal substances represents a rigorous and broadly applicable technique for determining endogenous mechanisms for circadian phase control and entrainment.

?Rigid? internal timing in the circadian rhythm of flight activity in a tropical bat

Oecologia ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Subbaraj ◽  
M. K. Chandrashekaran
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Flight Activity

scholarly journals Normal Light Response, Photoreceptor Integrity, and Rhodopsin Dephosphorylation in Mice Lacking Both Protein Phosphatases with EF Hands (PPEF-1 and PPEF-2)

2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (24) ◽  
pp. 8605-8614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pradeep Ramulu ◽  
Matthew Kennedy ◽  
Wei-Hong Xiong ◽  
John Williams ◽  
Mitra Cowan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Degeneration ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Protein Product ◽  
Calcium Dependent ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Single Cell Responses ◽  
Rod Function ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Ef Hands ◽  
Normal Light

ABSTRACT Rhodopsin dephosphorylation in Drosophila is a calcium-dependent process that appears to be catalyzed by the protein product of the rdgC gene. Two vertebrate rdgC homologs, PPEF-1 and PPEF-2, have been identified. PPEF-1 transcripts are present at low levels in the retina, while PPEF-2transcripts and PPEF-2 protein are abundant in photoreceptors. To determine if PPEF-2 alone or in combination with PPEF-1 plays a role in rhodopsin dephosphorylation and to determine if retinal degeneration accompanies mutation of PPEF-1 and/or PPEF-2, we have produced mice carrying targeted disruptions in thePPEF-1 and PPEF-2 genes. Loss of either or both PPEFs has little or no effect on rod function, as mice lacking both PPEF-1 and PPEF-2 show little or no changes in the electroretinogram and PPEF-2 −/− mice show normal single-cell responses to light in suction pipette recordings. Light-dependent rhodopsin phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are also normal or nearly normal as determined by (i) immunostaining ofPPEF-2 −/− retinas with the phosphorhodopsin-specific antibody RT-97 and (ii) mass spectrometry of C-terminal rhodopsin peptides from mice lacking both PPEF-1 and PPEF-2. Finally, PPEF-2 −/− retinas show normal histology at 1 year of age, and retinas from mice lacking both PPEF-1 and PPEF-2 show normal histology at 3 months of age, the latest time examined. These data indicate that, in contrast to loss of rdgC function in Drosophila, elimination of PPEF function does not cause retinal degeneration in vertebrates.

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