Aspects of Osmotic and Ionic Regulation in the Sturgeon

1972 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 703-715
Author(s):  
W. T. W.POTTS ◽  
P. P. RUDY
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Blood Concentration ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Sodium Ions ◽  
Ionic Regulation ◽  
Magnesium Ions ◽  
Acipenser Medirostris

1. Analyses have been made of the blood and urine of the euryhaline sturgeon Acipenser medirostris and the rates of turnover of sodium and water in both sea water and fresh water have been measured. 2. The blood concentration is rather lower in fresh water than in sea water and the concentration of magnesium ions declines markedly. 3. The rate of turnover of sodium ions is high in sea water and similar to that of marine teleosts. The rate of turnover of sodium is much lower in fresh water but adaptation to fresh water is slow and the animals are more permeable to sodium than are teleosts. 4. The rate of turnover of tritiated water is more rapid in fresh water than in sea water but in each medium it is similar to that of teleosts of a similar size.

Ionic Regulation of the Baltic and Fresh-Water Races of the Isopod Mesidotea (Saduria) Entomon (L.)

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. CROGHAN ◽  
A. P. M. LOCKWOOD
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Ionic Regulation ◽  
Sodium Influx ◽  
Active Uptake ◽  
Concentrated Solution ◽  
The Baltic

1. The isopod Mesidotea entomon has colonized the Baltic and certain Swedish lakes since the end of the last Ice Age. 2. The ionic regulation of Baltic animals and fresh-water animals (L. Mälaren) has been compared. 3. It has been possible to adapt Baltic animals to very dilute media, but 5% Askö sea water (5.5 mM/l. Na) appears to be the limit of adaptation. The haemolymph sodium concentration of Baltic animals from the very dilute media was considerably lowered. 4. The haemolymph sodium concentration in Mälaren animals is high (250 mM/l. Na) and comparable with that in Baltic animals in much more concentrated solution. The haemolymph ionic ratios of the Baltic and freshwater animals are similar. The Cl:Na ratio rises slightly in the more concentrated haemolymph samples. 5. From the concentration of ions in the haemolymph and in the total body water, the relative volume of the haemolymph was calculated. Mälaren animals appear to have a much larger haemolymph volume. 6. The permeability of the animals was determined from the rate of loss of sodium into de-ionized water. The permeability of the Mälaren animals is considerably reduced compared to the Baltic animals. Permeability is not related to the medium to which the animals had been adapted. 7. The sodium influx was determined using 22Na. The rate of active uptake was calculated from this. The maximal rate of active uptake was similar in Baltic and Mälaren animals. The sodium concentration of the medium at which active uptake was half maximum (KM) was considerably lower in Malaren animals than in Baltic animals. 8. The evolution of Mesidotea as a fresh-water animal is interpreted as a result of a reduction in permeability of the external surfaces to NaCl and an increase in the affinity of the active transport mechanism enabling the animal to maintain the haemolymph NaCl concentration in a steady state in fresh water.

The Effects of Prolactin and Divalent Ions on the Permeability to Water of Fundulus Kansae

1970 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. T. W. POTTS ◽  
W. R. FLEMING
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Calcium Ions ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Divalent Ions ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Drinking Rate ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Ovine Prolactin

1. Measurements have been made of the rate of exchange of tritiated water in both intact and hypophysectomized Fundulus kansae in a variety of media. 2. Hypophysectomy reduces the rate of exchange in fresh water. 3. Low doses (30 mu) of ovine prolactin stimulate water turnover in hypophysectomized fish in fresh water. 4. The rate of exchange declines in both intact and hypophysectomized animals with increasing salinity. 5. Experiments with synthetic solutions show that the decline in the rate of exchange in sea water and in higher salinities is due mainly to the effects of calcium ions. 6. Fishes maintained in synthetic sea water containing a low concentration of calcium have both a higher rate of exchange of tritiated water and a higher drinking rate than fish in normal sea water.

scholarly journals Sodium and Water Balance in the Cichlid Teleost, Tilapia Mossambica

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. T. W. POTTS ◽  
M. A. FOSTER ◽  
P. P. RUDY ◽  
G. PARRY HOWELLS
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Sodium Influx ◽  
Water Drinking ◽  
Body Sodium ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Sodium And Water Balance ◽  
Total Sodium

1. The total body sodium increases from 45.9 µM/g. fish in fresh water to 59.9 µM/g. fish in 200 % sea water. 2. The rate of exchange of sodium increases from 2 µM/g./hr. in fresh water to 60 µM/g./hr. in 100% sea water. 3. The rate of drinking increases from 0.26%/hr. fresh water to 1.6%/hr. in 400% sea water. Even in 200% sea water drinking accounts for only a quarter of the total sodium influx. 4. The permeability to water, as measured by tritiated water, is highest in fresh water and lowest in 200% sea water. The permeabilities to water measured in this way are consistent with the drinking rates determined in sea water and 200% sea water.

scholarly journals Adaptive Changes of the Water Permeability of the Teleostean Gill Epithelium in Relation to External Salinity

1969 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 529-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. MOTAIS ◽  
J. ISAIA ◽  
J. C. RANKIN ◽  
J. MAETZ
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Osmotic Gradient ◽  
Ionic Exchange ◽  
Gill Epithelium ◽  
Osmotic Water ◽  
Water Fish ◽  
External Salinity

1. Cannulation of afferent and efferent branchial vessels in the eel permitted studies of tritiated water clearance. It was observed that most of the diffusional water flow occurs through the gills. 2. Diffusional and osmotic water flows have been measured in a fresh-water (Carassius), a marine (Serranus) stenohaline fish and in two euryhaline species (Platichthys and Anguilla) adapted to either fresh water or sea water, and are found to be lower than in any comparable epithelia so far studied. 3. The diffusional water flow deduced from THO turnover is significantly smaller in the sea-water fish. 4. The osmotic water flow, determined indirectly by measuring drinking rate and urine flow, is smaller in the sea-water fishes despite a greater osmotic gradient across the gills. 5. Attempts to compare diffusional and osmotic permeabilities for the gill are hindered by our ignorance of the extent of solute (salt)-solvent interaction in the epitheium. It is suggested that the gill of the fresh-water-adapted fishes is semi permeable, while that of the sea-water teleosts may not be, because of the very high ionic exchange across the gill. 6. The surprisingly low diffusional and osmotic permeabilities of the gill epithelium in sea-water fish may be possibly related to the absence of water-filled pores.

Studies on the Permeability To Water Of Selected Marine, Freshwater And Euryhaline Teleosts

1969 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 689-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID H. EVANS
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Water Permeability ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
The Body ◽  
Freshwater Species ◽  
Silver Eel ◽  
As Species

Measurements were made of the flux of tritiated water across various marine, freshwater and euryhaline teleosts. The effects of temperature, body size, species differences, salinity, stress and anaesthetization were studied. 2. The Q10 of the flux of water across teleosts is approximately 1·90 and the flux is related to the 0·88 power of the body weight. 3. All of the freshwater species studied were more permeable to water than the marine species. Euryhaline teleosts appear to have about the same permeability as species to which they are most closely related. 4. While the flounder and the yellow eel are more permeable to water in fresh water than in sea water, the silver eel and the brown trout do not change their permeability and the 3-spined stickleback is less permeable to water in fresh water than in sea water. 5. While stress markedly increases the permeability to water of large brown trout, it has no effect on small brown trout and seems to decrease the water permeability of the plaice. 6. Anaesthetization has no effect on the water permeability of the goldfish but markedly increases the permeability to water of the silver eel. 7. The relationship between the flux of water and either the drinking rate in sea water or the urine flow in fresh water is discussed.

scholarly journals Studies on Adaptation to Salinity in Gammarus Spp

1940 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-163
Author(s):  
L. C. BEADLE ◽  
J. B. CRAGG
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Blood Concentration ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Eriocheir Sinensis ◽  
Tolerance Range ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Ion Absorption

1. Four species of Gammarus were studied: the fresh-water G. pulex, the brackish water G. duebeni, and two normally marine species G. locusta and obtusatus, the former of which has also been recorded from brackish water. 2. The relation between osmotic pressure and chloride of the blood and of the external medium, after sudden transfer to salinities which could be withstood for at least 24 hr., is shown in Fig. 1. 3. The changes in blood osmotic pressure are due to salt and not to water movements. 4. The marine species G. obtusatus and locusta maintain a very hypertonic blood in dilute sea water and can withstand 50% (270 mM.) and 25% (135 mM.) sea water respectively. 5. The brackish water G. duebeni has a tolerance range from pure sea water to water containing a trace of salt, but is not as well adapted to fresh water as G. pulex. 6. For a wide salinity tolerance range two mechanisms are necessary, (a) for regulating the blood concentration within certain limits, and (b) for maintaining a low intracellular concentration of certain ions (e.g. C1) in spite of changes in blood concentration. Defection of the latter mechanism can alone account for the inability of G. pulex to withstand direct transfer to more than about 40% sea water (115 mM.). 7. On the basis of this work and that of others on other animals the following hypothesis is suggested. Adaptation to fresh water has proceeded by two main stages: (a) Probably by active ion absorption, a high blood concentration is maintained (as in Eriocheir sinensis and Telphusa fluviatile) and is associated with a large blood/tissue C1 gradient. Such animals can still be transferred suddenly to a high concentration of sea water. (b) Evolution of the renal salt-reabsorption mechanism, and lowering of both blood concentration and blood/tissue C1 gradient to levels more easily maintained (as in G. pulex and most fresh-water animals). The consequent loss of power to maintain a large blood/tissue C1 gradient entails inability to withstand transfer to more than low concentrations of sea water, unless, as in certain species, a special mechanism is evolved for preventing the blood concentration from rising.

The Urine of Gammarus Duebeni and G. Pulex

1961 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 647-658
Author(s):  
A. P. M. LOCKWOOD
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Blood Concentration ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Absolute Level ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Urine Formation ◽  
Concentration Of Urine

1. A study has been made of the relation between blood, urine and medium concentrations in the two amphipod Crustacea G. duebeni and G. pulex. 2. G. duebeni produces urine hypotonic to the blood but hypertonic to the medium when it is in media more dilute than 50% sea water. 3. G. pulex forms urine which is hypotonic both to blood and medium when in 2-20% sea water. 4. G. duebeni begins to form hypotonic urine within 2 hr. of transference from 110 to 160% sea water to fresh water. Hypotonic urine formation begins in these circumstances when the blood concentration is up to twice that at which hypotonic urine is formed by animals fully adapted to their medium. 5. It is concluded (a) that the concentration of urine produced by G. duebeni is not dictated solely by the absolute level of the blood concentration; (b) that the formation of urine hypotonic to the blood in a brackish-water animal functions primarily as a means of conserving ions in the body; (c) that the ability to regulate the concentration of the urine with rapidity will be important in an animal living in environments of fluctuating salinities.

Ionic Regulation in Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri) Adapted to Fresh Water and Dilute Sea Water

1979 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-192
Author(s):  
F. B. EDDY ◽  
R. N. BATH
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Ionic Regulation ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Plasma Ions ◽  
Full Strength ◽  
Water Values ◽  
Eventual Death

Small rainbow trout (5–20 g) adapt to salinities of up to at least 22‰ but not to full strength sea water. In adapted fish plasma ions are regulated nearthe fresh water values, but there is an ionic invasion of the tissues, particularly by Cl− in muscle cells. Analysis of ionic regulation in adapted fish indicates that balance is maintained mainly by expending energy on Cl− regulation. Fish in full strength sea water can no longer regulate Na+ or Cl− in plasma or tissues, which results in high tissue concentrations of these ions and eventual death.

Sodium Regulation in the Amphipod Gammarus Duebeni From Brackish-Water and Fresh-Water Localities in Britain

1967 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 529-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. SUTCLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sodium Ions ◽  
Sodium Uptake ◽  
Sodium Loss ◽  
Sodium Regulation

1. A quantitative study of sodium influx and loss rates was made on Gammarus duebeni obtained from brackish-water localities. Both influx and loss rates were immediately doubled by a rise in temperature from 10 to 20° C. 2. It is estimated that when animals are fully acclimatized to a series of media decreasing from 50 to 2% sea water the rate of sodium uptake at the body surface is doubled to balance the rate of sodium loss, which is also doubled. The increased loss rate is due equally to an increase in the rate of diffusion across the body surface and to loss in hypotonic urine containing about 160-190 mM/l. sodium. Diffusion losses normally account for at least 35% of the total losses, even when the urine is isotonic with the blood. 3. The sodium-transporting system at the body surface is fully saturated at an external concentration of about 10 mM/l. NaCl (2% sea water). The system has a low affinity for sodium ions and is only half-saturated at 1.5-2.5 mM/l. sodium. The overall rate of uptake is increased to its maximum rate to balance sodium losses when in fresh water. 4. When acclimatized to fresh water (0.25 mM/l. NaCl) the sodium loss rate is greatly reduced. This was partly due to a lower rate of diffusion across the body surface following a fall in the blood sodium concentration, and mainly due to elaboration of a very dilute urine. 5. It is suggested that increases in sodium uptake in the antennary glands, resulting in a hypotonic urine, are linked with increases in uptake at the body surface. Both uptake systems are possibly activated by a single internal regulator responding to changes in the blood concentration. 6. Sodium regulation at concentrations below 10 mM/l. NaCl was examined in G. duebeni obtained from fresh-water streams on the Lizard peninsula, the Kintyre peninsula, and the Isle of Man. The regulation of sodium uptake and loss is very similar to regulation in brackish-water animals, and the sodium-transporting system has the same low affinity for sodium ions at concentrations below about 10 mM/l. 7. It is suggested that fresh-water localities in north-west Europe, excluding Ireland, have been colonized from brackish water without any modifications in the sodium-regulatory mechanism. But the fresh-water animals tolerate very low sodium concentrations better than brackish-water animals. This is apparently due to natural selection of individuals in which the sodium uptake rate is higher than the average uptake rate in brackish-water animals.

LUMINESCENCE OF THE BLACK SEA MICROSCOPIC FUNGI CULTURES

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Mashukova ◽  
Olga Mashukova ◽  
Yuriy Tokarev ◽  
Yuriy Tokarev ◽  
Nadejda Kopytina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Light Emission ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Control Culture ◽  
Chemical Stimulation ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Given ◽  
First Time

We studied for the first time luminescence characteristics of the some micromycetes, isolated from the bottom sediments of the Black sea from the 27 m depth. Luminescence parameters were registered at laboratory complex “Svet” using mechanical and chemical stimulations. Fungi cultures of genera Acremonium, Aspergillus, Penicillium were isolated on ChDA medium which served as control. Culture of Penicillium commune gave no light emission with any kind of stimulation. Culture of Acremonium sp. has shown luminescence in the blue – green field of spectrum. Using chemical stimulation by fresh water we registered signals with luminescence energy (to 3.24 ± 0.11)•108 quantum•cm2 and duration up to 4.42 s, which 3 times exceeded analogous magnitudes in a group, stimulated by sea water (p < 0.05). Under chemical stimulation by ethyl alcohol fungi culture luminescence was not observed. Culture of Aspergillus fumigatus possessed the most expressed properties of luminescence. Stimulation by fresh water culture emission with energy of (3.35 ± 0.11)•108 quantum•cm2 and duration up to 4.96 s. Action of ethyl alcohol to culture also stimulated signals, but intensity of light emission was 3–4 times lower than under mechanical stimulation. For sure the given studies will permit not only to evaluate contribution of marine fungi into general bioluminescence of the sea, but as well to determine places of accumulation of opportunistic species in the sea.

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