The Median Inferior Frontal Lobe and Touch Learning in the Octopus

1972 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-402
Author(s):  
M. J. WELLS ◽  
J. Z. YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Visual Learning ◽  
Frontal Lobes ◽  
Learning System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reverse Direction ◽  
Tactile Learning ◽  
Smooth Objects ◽  
Smooth Sphere ◽  
Do So

1. After removal of the median inferior frontal lobe, blinded octopuses already trained to discriminate by touch between rough and smooth spheres continued to do so, but at a lower level of accuracy. 2. Animals without pre-training showed a strong tendency to take rough objects after this operation and learned to discriminate well only when trained to take rough and reject smooth. 3. When animals with intact inferior frontal lobes were given food in the presence of a smooth sphere they learned to take the smooth; in subsequent extinction tests they continued to take the smooth but soon ceased to take rough objects. 4. Animals without median inferior frontal lobes also increased their tendency to take a smooth object associated with food. But they did not behave in the same way as controls in extinction tests; they continued to take the rough objects even if they had not been rewarded for doing so. 5. Operated animals thoroughly pre-trained to take smooth objects showed some capacity to discriminate these from rough objects in subsequent successive training with food and shock, though continuing to take the rough far more than control animals. 6. Animals without brain damage could be taught to take smooth rather than rough objects on one side, and continued to do so when trained in the reverse direction on the other. There was, however, some lateral interference; performance on the unreversed side was worse after the introduction of reversed training. 7. Animals with lesions to the median inferior frontal lobe failed to learn on the reversal (rough+/smooth-) side, responses to both objects declining progressively as training continued. At the same time as this discrimination by the non-reversal (smooth+/rough-) side continued to develop. There was thus no evidence of lateral transfer in these animals. 8. It was confirmed that tactile learning is still possible after removal of the vertical and basal lobes, but with some decrease in the normal preference for smooth objects. 9. The median inferior frontal is thus not essential for tactile learning, but greatly facilitates it, making some contribution to the acquisition of both positive and negative responses, perhaps by spreading information through both sides of the touch-learning system. The effect of its removal in touch learning can be compared with the effect of vertical lobe removal on visual learning. It is concluded that one function of these parts is to compensate for the intensity of stimulation so that animals do not pay undue attention to brightly reflective or texturally rough objects.

Changes in Textural preferences in Octopus After Lesions

1968 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-412
Author(s):  
M. J. WELLS ◽  
J. Z. YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Training ◽  
The Other ◽  
Strong Preference ◽  
Frontal System ◽  
Marked Preference ◽  
Smooth Objects ◽  
Smooth Sphere

1. Octopuses repeatedly tested at alternate trials with rough and smooth spheres, presented without reward take more of the smooth than the rough spheres. The individuals that take most often show the greatest preference. 2. The overall tendency to take decreases within each session of sixteen trials and recovers by the next session some hours later. 3. There is a slight decrease in mean takes over the first few sessions but the level then remains at about 36% over ten sessions of sixteen trials. 4. Animals without vertical lobes tested in the same way without rewards take more often (at 60% of all trials). 5. As with the normals there is a decline in take within each session; Extinction is therefore not exclusively the result of changes in the vertical lobe. 6. The preference for smooth is less marked in animals without the vertical lobes than in normals. 7. Animals with the supraoesophageal lobes split by a vertical cut (‘half-brain animals’) and animals with the supraoesophageal lobes removed except for the buccal and ventral subfrontal take fewer objects than normal octopuses. 8. The same animals show reduction or reversal of the smooth preference manifest in normal octopuses. 9. Removal of the whole of the inferior frontal system produced animals that take more often than normal, at 63% of all trials. These octopuses showed a marked preference for smooth. The system for release of objects is defective in these animals and this may act to give the appearance of excesss of takes of smooth. 10. The fact that bund but otherwise normal octopuses prefer smooth objects was confirmed in a discrimination training experiment. Normal animals trained with a smooth sphere as positive performed better initially than those trained in the other direction, though the asymptote reached was the same for both. 11. Animals without vertical lobes showed in training about the same preference for smooth as normals but were variable. They learned more slowly than normals. 12. Half-brain animals showed a strong preference for rough in training. The animals trained with smooth positive learned very slowly and had not reached the level of those trained with rough positive after 160 trials.

Central pathways of the nerves of the arms and mantle of Octopus

1985 ◽  
Vol 310 (1143) ◽  
pp. 109-122 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Lobes ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Lower Edge ◽  
Optic Lobes ◽  
Basal Lobe ◽  
Tactile Learning

Centripetal cobalt filling of a brachial nerve of Octopus gave further information about the organization of its tactile learning system. Efferent fibres pass from the posterior buccal and subvertical lobes direct to the arms. Afferent fibres from the arms pass to the lateral and median inferior frontal lobes, others to the lateral and median superior frontal lobes, and a third set to the subvertical lobe. None reach to the vertical or subfrontal lobes. Many somata and afferent fibres were filled in the magnocellular lobes after filling either the brachial or pallial nerves. This is probably a region from which escape reactions are initiated. The lower part of the median basal lobe also receives afferents from both these nerves and a few somata were filled at the lower edge of this lobe. It probably controls the magnocellular lobe, lying below it. After filling of a brachial nerve, or the pallial nerve, somata were filled in both the anterior and posterior chromatophore lobes, but few or no afferent fibres were filled in these lobes. After filling of a brachial nerve many somata and afferent fibres were filled in the prebrachial and brachial lobes and in the anterior pedal lobe, and many fine afferent fibres and a few somata were filled in the superior buccal lobe. After filling of the pallial nerve some filled fibres run forwards to the brachial lobe, but no somata were filled there. No filled fibres from either the brachial or pallial nerves were seen proceeding towards the optic lobes.

Challenging Gender Hierarchies in Narratives of the Nation: Representations of Women in Zintgraff and the Battle of Mankon and Hard Choice

Imbizo ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi Epongse Nkealah ◽  
Olutoba Gboyega Oluwasuji
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Gender Differentiation ◽  
Hard Choice ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Gender Hierarchies ◽  
The Face ◽  
The One ◽  
Representations Of Women ◽  
Do So

Ideas of nationalisms as masculine projects dominate literary texts by African male writers. The texts mirror the ways in which gender differentiation sanctions nationalist discourses and in turn how nationalist discourses reinforce gender hierarchies. This article draws on theoretical insights from the work of Anne McClintock and Elleke Boehmer to analyse two plays: Zintgraff and the Battle of Mankon by Bole Butake and Gilbert Doho and Hard Choice by Sunnie Ododo. The article argues that women are represented in these two plays as having an ambiguous relationship to nationalism. On the one hand, women are seen actively changing the face of politics in their societies, but on the other hand, the means by which they do so reduces them to stereotypes of their gender.

Euthyphro, Apology, and Crito

2019 ◽  
pp. 117-140
Author(s):  
Hugh H. Benson
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Virtuous Life ◽  
The One ◽  
Do So

This chapter presents a reading of Plato’s Euthyphro, Apology, and Crito. These dialogues, in which Plato depicts the weeks leading up to Socrates’s last day, are replete with various philosophical explorations. Among those explorations is the question of how to live our lives. On the one hand, Socrates is clear and straightforward. We should live the examined life—making logoi and examining ourselves and others in order to determine whether we are as wise as we think we are, and we should live the virtuous life. This is how Socrates lives his life. On the other hand, the examined life undercuts, or at least should undercut, the confidence with which he seeks to live the virtuous life. It may help bring some stability to the general principles by which he lives his life, but it can do so only defeasibly and without certainty.

Sparse Incremental Delta-Bar-Delta for System Identification

2014 ◽  
Vol 665 ◽  
pp. 643-646
Author(s):  
Ying Liu ◽  
Yan Ye ◽  
Chun Guang Li
Keyword(s):  
System Identification ◽  
Cost Function ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Learning System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sparse System ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Sparse System Identification ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Zero Attractor

Metalearning algorithm learns the base learning algorithm, targeted for improving the performance of the learning system. The incremental delta-bar-delta (IDBD) algorithm is such a metalearning algorithm. On the other hand, sparse algorithms are gaining popularity due to their good performance and wide applications. In this paper, we propose a sparse IDBD algorithm by taking the sparsity of the systems into account. Thenorm penalty is contained in the cost function of the standard IDBD, which is equivalent to adding a zero attractor in the iterations, thus can speed up convergence if the system of interest is indeed sparse. Simulations demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is superior to the competing algorithms in sparse system identification.

The Body in Theory

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felicity J Callard
Keyword(s):  
Queer Theory ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Industrial Capitalism ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
Theoretical Investigations ◽  
The One ◽  
Do So

Geographers are now taking the problematic of corporeality seriously. ‘The body’ is becoming a preoccupation in the geographical literature, and is a central figure around which to base political demands, social analyses, and theoretical investigations. In this paper I describe some of the trajectories through which the body has been installed in academia and claim that this installation has necessitated the uptake of certain theoretical legacies and the disavowal or forgetting of others. In particular, I trace two related developments. First, I point to the sometimes haphazard agglomeration of disparate theoretical interventions that lie under the name of postmodernism and observe how this has led to the foregrounding of bodily tropes of fragmentation, fluidity, and ‘the cyborg‘. Second, I examine the treatment of the body as a conduit which enables political agency to be thought of in terms of transgression and resistance. I stage my argument by looking at how on the one hand Marxist and on the other queer theory have commonly conceived of the body, and propose that the legacies of materialist modes of analysis have much to offer current work focusing on how bodies are shaped by their encapsulation within the sphere of the social. I conclude by examining the presentation of corporeality that appears in the first volume of Marx's Capital. I do so to suggest that geographers working on questions of subjectivity could profit from thinking further about the relation between so-called ‘new’ and ‘fluid’ configurations of bodies, technologies, and subjectivities in the late 20th-century world, and the corporeal configurations of industrial capitalism lying behind and before them.

Toxæmia in the Etiology of Mental Disease. a Discussion opened

1902 ◽  
Vol 48 (202) ◽  
pp. 434-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. Clouston
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Cell ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
The Other ◽  
British Association ◽  
Younger Men ◽  
Full Knowledge ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Do So

Dr. Clouston said that when he suggested toxæmia to the secretary as a suitable subject for a discussion at this meeting he had not intended to be the first speaker, because his object was to bring out more fully the views of the younger members who had recently committed themselves so strongly to the toxæmic and bacterial etiology of insanity, and so to get light thrown on some of the difficulties which he and others had felt in applying this theory to many of their cases in practice. It was not that he did not believe in the toxic theory as explaining the onset of many cases, or that he under-rated its importance, but that he could not see how it applied so universally or generally as some of the modern pathological school were now inclined to insist on. He knew that it was difficult for those of the older psychological and clinical school to approach the subject with that full knowledge of recent bacteriological and pathological doctrine which the younger men possessed, or to breathe that all-pervading pathological atmosphere which they seemed to inhale. He desired to conduct this discussion in an absolutely non-controversial and purely scientific spirit. To do so he thought it best to put his facts, objections, and difficulties in a series of propositions which could be answered and explained by the other side. He thought it important to define toxæmia, but should be willing to accept Dr. Ford Robertson's definition of toxines, viz., “Substances which are taken up by the (cortical nerve) cell and then disorder its metabolism.” He took the following extracts from his address at the Cheltenham meeting of the British Association (1) as representing Dr. Ford Robertson's views and the general trend of much investigation and hypothesis on the Continent.

Anniversary Address

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Evans
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Average Amount ◽  
Strong Body ◽  
Do So

The other day I received a letter from someone I did not know, but who shares my rather common surname. This gentleman had received a piece of mail intended for me—a Who's Who entry for correction, in fact. The occurrence in itself was not very remarkable, as those of you who have surnames which are as widely distributed as mine will especially appreciate. What was particularly striking to me was that my correspondent began his letter by saying that he had never written to an archaeologist before, and could not resist the temptationto do so now. I replied that I was somewhat surprised that archaeologists could still have such a curiosity value; it had been my impression that we had become so relatively common during the last two decades as not to attract much more notice than many other professions. We are still not, and are never likely to be, a large profession, but there is also, of course, a strong body of serious amateurs who can also reasonably call themselves qualified archaeologists—and we do get a more than average amount of publicity.

scholarly journals Attention and the motion after effect: New measurements with visual search reveal important individual differences in adaptability

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Morgan ◽  
Joshua A. Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Times ◽  
Visual Pathway ◽  
Human Vision ◽  
The Other ◽  
Test Array ◽  
Mouse Click ◽  
Search Speed ◽  
After Effect ◽  
The One ◽  
Do So

AbstractIt is usually assumed that sensory adaptation is a universal property of human vision. However, in two experiments designed to measure adaptation without bias, we have discovered a minority of participants who were unusual in the extent of their adaptation to motion. One experiment was designed so that targets would be invisible without adaptation; the other, so that adaptation would interfere with target detection. In the first, participants adapted to a spatial array of moving Gabor patches. On each trial the adapting array was followed by a test array in which but all of the test patches except one were identical to their spatially corresponding adaptors; the target moved in the opposite direction to its adaptor. Participants were required to identify the location of the changed target with a mouse click. The ability to do so increased with the number of adapting trials. Neither search speed nor accuracy was affected by an attentionally-demanding conjunction task at the fixation point during adaptation, suggesting low-level (pre-attentive) sites in the visual pathway for the adaptation. However, a minority of participants found the task virtually impossible. In the second experiment the same participants were required to identify the one element in the test array that was slowly moving: reaction times in this case were elevated following adaptation. The putatively weak adapters from the first experiment found this task easier than the strong adapters.

scholarly journals نظام تعليم اللغة العربية عن بعد عبر الإنترنت في جائحة الوباء كوفيد-١٩ بالمدرسة المتوسطة الإسلامية الحكومة ١ بسوراكرتا

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Yuliana Prativi ◽  
Muhammad Zaenuri
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Learning System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
E Learning ◽  
Evaluation Stage ◽  
The Subject

Online learning is a learning via internet without meeting face-to-face between teachers and students. This online learning system is relatively new, therefore teachers and students should adapt quickly. This study aims to determine the online Arabic learning system during the COVID-19 pandemic at Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri (MTsN) 1 Surakarta. Researcher used a qualitative approach and observation, interview, and documentation as data collection techniques. The results described that e-learning madrasah was used as the main media for online Arabic learning at MTsN 1 Surakarta during the covid-19 pandemic, then assisted by Whatsapp and Youtube channel. The subject matter was presented in video, powerpoint, and pdf. The learning stages were divided into three: preparation, implementation (pre-activities, whilst-activities and post-activities), and evaluation stage. This online learning helps teachers to coordinate with and supervise students easily, on the other hand, it is difficult for them to monitor the students’ understanding and bad internet network make some students could not follow the learning process in time. 

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