Studies of Cardio-Regulation in the Cockroach, Periplaneta Americana

1971 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-350
Author(s):  
T. MILLER ◽  
P. N. R. USHERWOOD
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Heart Muscle ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Cardiac Ganglion ◽  
Cardiac Nerve ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Cords

1. The heart of Periplaneta americana is segmentally innervated from the central nervous system by three types of neurone. Two of these types of neurones are neurosecretory; one type contains large granules, the other small granules. The segmental nerves are paired structures which join paired lateral cardiac nerve cords. Both types of neurosecretory neurone liberate their contents in the lateral cardiac nerve cords. The neurones with the small granules also synapse with the myocardium as well as with intrinsic cardiac neurones in the lateral cardiac nerve cords. The third type of neurone from the central nervous system is an ordinary efferent neurone and it synapses with the cardiac ganglion cells. 2. A heart chamber is associated with about six cardiac ganglion cells, three on either side. These send processes up and down the lateral cardiac nerve cord and make synaptic contact with the myocardium. 3. The myocardium is multiterminally and polyneuronally innervated, and electrical coupling between muscle fibres appears to be the rule. The fibres are spontaneously active and generate spike-like electrically excited responses. The timing of the electrically excited responses is influenced by the input from the cardiac ganglion cells which evoke a burst of synaptic potentials during diastole. 4. Control of the cockroach heart appears to be organized on three levels. The basic rhythm is myogenic. The timing of the contractions is influenced by inputs from the intrinsic cardiac ganglion cells possibly via a feedback mechanism involving the contractions of the heart muscle. Finally, the activities of the heart muscle and the cardiac ganglion cells are influenced by inputs from the central nervous system.

Memoirs: The Innervation of the Heart of Crustacea

1934 ◽  
Vol s2-76 (304) ◽  
pp. 511-548
Author(s):  
J. S. ALEXANDROWICZ
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Local System ◽  
Dorsal Side ◽  
The Other ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Cardiac Nerve ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Dorsal Nerves

1. The three systems of nerves, viz. the local system, the regulator nerves, and the nerves of the arterial valves, which were previously described by the writer as innervating the heart of the Decapod Crustacea, have also been found in Squilla mantis. 2. The local system consists of not less than fourteen neurons. Their cells are situated in a nerve-trunk running alongside the dorsal surface of the heart, and, with the exception of the three anterior elements, lie at regular intervals each behind a pair of the ostial orifices. The cells give off the following processes: (a) the axons which form the chief part of the fibres in the ganglionic trunk and which after sending off many branches end on the muscle-fibres of the myocardium; (b) the dendrites--short arborescent branches arising both from cell-bodies and axons, and ending in the neighbourhood of the trunk on themuscle-fibres too; (c) short collaterals ending in fine networks of fibrils in the ganglionic trunk. 3. The system of regulator nerves connecting the local system with the central nervous system, in the Decapoda consisting of one pair of nerves, is represented in the Stomatopoda by three paired nerves which in our description have been termed Nervi cardiaci dorsales. For the designation of each of them the letters α,β, and γ have been used. Their course indicates that they originate in the large thoracic ganglionic mass. After passing on the dorsal side of the extensor muscles these nerves approach the heart from its dorsal side, and enter its ganglionic trunk in the region of the fourth body-segment. The nerve a is made up of one thick fibre only, the nerves β and γ contain one thick and several thinner fibres each. In the ganglionic trunk two sets of fibres given off by the dorsal nerves can be distinguished: one of them, termed System I, is made up of thicker fibres whose branches give synapses with the cells, collaterals, and dendrites of the local neurons; the other, called System II, consists of thinner fibres accompanying the long branches of the axons which pass to the muscles. 4. The system of nerves supplying the arterial valves is made up of (a) the anterior cardiac nerve running to the valve of the anterior aorta; and (b) the segmental nerves of the heart passing in each metamere to the valves of the paired arteries. There are, in all, fifteen pairs of these nerves. The last pair supplies the valves of the fifteenth pair of arteries and the valve of the posterior aorta. Each segmental nerve sends off anastomotic branches to the contralateral nerve, but does not show any connexions with the nerves of the neighbouring segments. In this respect these nerves in Squilla differ from those in the Decapods since in the latter they are all interconnected by anastomosing fibres. On the other hand, in Squilla as well as in Decapods the anterior cardiac nerve has no connexion with the segmental nerves of the heart. 5. With regard to the function of the nerve-elements enumerated above, the local system is to be considered as an autonomic apparatus which rules the beat of the heart, whereas the dorsal nerves convey the inhibitory and accelerator impulses from the central nervous system. The first of the dorsal nerves, α, has been found carrying the inhibitory impulses. The stimulation of the two following nerves, β and γ, quickens the beat of the heart, but this effect of the physiological experiment does not exclude the possibility that the nerves β and γ contain both inhibitory and accelerator fibres. The two sets of fibres in the ganglionic trunk which have been termed Systems I and II are probably concerned the former with the inhibitory and the latter with the accelerator action. The function of the nerves of the arterial valves probably consists in the maintaining of a tonic contraction of the muscles of the valves.

scholarly journals The Nutrition of the Central Nervous System in the Cockroach Periplaneta Americana L

1960 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 500-512
Author(s):  
V. B. WIGGLESWORTH
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Glial Cell ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Abdominal Ganglion ◽  
The Central Nervous System

1. The histology of the last abdominal ganglion and the cercal nerves and connectives of the cockroach are briefly described. Attention is called to the large cavities, termed the ‘glial lacunar system’, that are present in the glial cell layer of the ganglion; and to the branching filaments of collagen-like material which are laid down within the glial membranes and trabeculae of the ganglia and nerves. 2. Glycogen is stored in large amounts in the perineurium cells, and in small amounts in the interaxonal glial membranes in the neuropile and nerves. Invaginations of the plasma membrane of the large ganglion cells (the ‘trophospongium’) are apparently concerned in the transfer of glycogen. Invaginations and glycogen deposits increase progressively towards the base of the axon. 3. Very small amounts of triglycerides are stored in the ganglion. There are traces only in the perineurium cells; rather more in the glial cells. The invaginations of the glial cells into the large ganglion cells seem to be concerned also in the transfer of lipids to the neurones.

scholarly journals Rapid multi-directed cholinergic transmission in the central nervous system

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Santhosh Sethuramanujam ◽  
Akihiro Matsumoto ◽  
Geoff deRosenroll ◽  
Benjamin Murphy-Baum ◽  
J Michael McIntosh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Release Site ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Cholinergic Transmission ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Mechanisms

AbstractIn many parts of the central nervous system, including the retina, it is unclear whether cholinergic transmission is mediated by rapid, point-to-point synaptic mechanisms, or slower, broad-scale ‘non-synaptic’ mechanisms. Here, we characterized the ultrastructural features of cholinergic connections between direction-selective starburst amacrine cells and downstream ganglion cells in an existing serial electron microscopy data set, as well as their functional properties using electrophysiology and two-photon acetylcholine (ACh) imaging. Correlative results demonstrate that a ‘tripartite’ structure facilitates a ‘multi-directed’ form of transmission, in which ACh released from a single vesicle rapidly (~1 ms) co-activates receptors expressed in multiple neurons located within ~1 µm of the release site. Cholinergic signals are direction-selective at a local, but not global scale, and facilitate the transfer of information from starburst to ganglion cell dendrites. These results suggest a distinct operational framework for cholinergic signaling that bears the hallmarks of synaptic and non-synaptic forms of transmission.

scholarly journals VI. —Anaphylaxis and anaphylatoxins

1923 ◽  
Vol 211 (382-390) ◽  
pp. 273-315 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Anaphylactic Shock ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
Fundamental Conception ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Stimulation Of

In the study of the phenomena of anaphylaxis there are certain points on which some measure of agreement seems to have been attained. In the case of anaphylaxis to soluble proteins, with which alone we are directly concerned in this paper, the majority of investigators probably accept the view that the condition is due to the formation of an antibody of the precipitin type. Concerning the method, however, by which the presence of this antibody causes the specific sensitiveness, the means by which its interaction with the antibody produces the anaphylactic shock, there is a wide divergence of conception. Two main currents of speculation can be discerned. One view, historically rather the earlier, and first put forward by Besredka (1) attributes the anaphylactic condition to the location of the antibody in the body cells. There is not complete unanimity among adherents of this view as to the nature of the antibody concerned, or as to the class of cells containing it which are primarily affected in the anaphylactic shock. Besredka (2) himself has apparently not accepted the identification of the anaphylactic antibody with a precipitin, but regards it as belonging to a special class (sensibilisine). He also regards the cells of the central nervous system as those primarily involved in the anaphylactic shock in the guinea-pig. Others, including one of us (3), have found no adequate reason for rejecting the strong evidence in favour of the precipitin nature of the anaphylactic antibody, produced by Doerr and Russ (4), Weil (5), and others, and have accepted and confirmed the description of the rapid anaphylactic death in the guinea-pig as due to a direct stimulation of the plain-muscle fibres surrounding the bronchioles, causing valve-like obstruction of the lumen, and leading to asphyxia, with the characteristic fixed distension of the lungs, as first described by Auer and Lewis (6), and almost simultaneously by Biedl and Kraus (7). But the fundamental conception of anaphylaxis as due to cellular location of an antibody, and of the reaction as due to the union of antigen and antibody taking place in the protoplasm, is common to a number of workers who thus differ on details.

Sodium and Potassium Fluxes in the Abdominal Nerve Cord of the Cockroach, Periplaneta Americana L

1961 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-322
Author(s):  
J. E. TREHERNE
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Potassium Ions ◽  
Sodium Ions ◽  
Nerve Sheath ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

1. The influx of sodium and potassium ions into the central nervous system of Periplaneta americana has been studied by measuring the increase in radioactivity within the abdominal nerve cord following the injection of 24NA and 42K. into the haemolymph. 2. The calculated influx of sodium ions was approximately 320 mM./l. of nerve cord water/hr. and of potassium ions was 312 mM./l. of nerve cord water/hr. These values are very approximately equivalent to an influx per unit area of nerve cord surface of 13.9 x 10-2 M cm. -2 sec.-1 for sodium and 13.5 x 10-12 M cm. -2 sec.-1 for potassium ions. 3. The relatively rapid influxes of these ions are discussed in relation to the postulated function of the nerve sheath as a diffusion barrier. It is suggested that a dynamic steady state rather than a static impermeability must exist across the sheath surrounding the central nervous system in this insect.

The Mode of Action of the Corpus Cardiacum on the Hind Gut in Periplaneta Americana

1962 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-324
Author(s):  
K. G. DAVEY
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Corpus Cardiacum ◽  
Corpora Cardiaca ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Hind Gut

1. Addition of a homogenate of corpora cardiaca to the fluid bathing an isolated hind gut of Periplaneta produces an increase in tonus, amplitude, frequency and co-ordination of contractions. 2. The corpus cardiacum acts by stimulating cells in the upper colon to release an indolalkylamine. 3. This amine acts on the mucles through a peripheral nervous system which can function in isolation from the central nervous system.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document