Fluorescence Localization of Monoamines in Crab Neurosecretory Structures

1970 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 651-655
Author(s):  
I. M. COOKE ◽  
MARTHA W. GOLDSTONE
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Borohydride ◽  
Brilliant Green ◽  
Intracellular Localization ◽  
Entire Population ◽  
Histochemical Method ◽  
Dense Array ◽  
Ventral Ganglion ◽  
Green Fluorescent ◽  
Whole Mounts ◽  
Pericardial Organ

1. The pericardial organs and anterior ramifications (both neurohaemal structures) of six species of crabs have been examined as whole mounts by the histochemical method for monoamines based on formaldehyde-induced fluorescence. 2. A small number of specifically fluorescing axons (not more than six green and six yellow) innervate the pericardial organ; one of the green-fluorescent and one yellow-fluorescent axon branches and also innervates the anterior ramification. 3. All of the fluorescing axons enter via segmental nerves 1, 2 and 3 from the ventral ganglion. 4. One large, brilliant green-fluorescing axon, and the small green-fluorescing axon which branches to the AR, have been traced in Carcinus to cell bodies in the circumoesophageal connective ganglion. These cells may give rise to the entire population of green-fluorescing axons and terminals in the neurohaemal organs. 5. Each axon, throughout its course in the pericardial organ, supplies a dense array of varicosities (blebs) at surfaces which are directly exposed to the haemolymph. The anterior ramifications are also supplied with blebs. 6. Lack of fluorescence in controls not exposed to paraformaldehyde, reversible quenching of fluorescence by treatment with sodium borohydride, and depletion of the fluorescence by reserpinization of the crabs, all confirm that the fluorescence is specific and represents the intracellular localization of monoamines. 7. With the aid of data available elsewhere we conclude that there are distributed, in parallel with peptide-secreting axons and terminals in the pericardial organs and anterior ramifications, a group of dopamine-containing and a group of 5-hydroxytryptamine-containing axons and terminals.

Intracellular localization and in vivo trafficking of p24A and p23

1999 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 537-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Blum ◽  
F. Pfeiffer ◽  
P. Feick ◽  
W. Nastainczyk ◽  
B. Kohler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Intracellular Localization ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Heterotrimeric G Proteins ◽  
P24 Protein ◽  
Intermediate Compartment ◽  
Copi Vesicle ◽  
Green Fluorescent ◽  
Golgi Network

Recently, p24A and p23 (also termed Tmp21), two members of the p24 protein family, have been proposed to function as integral receptors for the COPI-vesicle coat. This study describes the intracellular localization and trafficking of p24A in comparison to p23. For immunolocalization of p24A and p23, strong reduction and denaturation conditions were necessary to allow antibody interaction. Both p24A and p23 cycle continuously between intermediate compartment (IC) elements and the cis-Golgi network. In vivo trafficking of p24A and p23 tagged to green fluorescent protein (GFP) revealed that both proteins travel by large (up to 1 micrometer in length) microtubule-dependent pre-Golgi carriers with a maximum speed of up to 1.6 micrometer s-1 from the IC to the Golgi cisternae. Aluminum fluoride, a general activator of heterotrimeric G-proteins, blocked peripheral pre-Golgi movements of GFP-p24A/p23 and inhibited fluorescence recovery after photobleaching in the perinuclear Golgi area. p24A and p23 are predominantly colocalized. Overexpression of GFP-p24A, to an extent which did not destroy the Golgi complex, induced delocalization of part of the proteins into ER elements. This study therefore gives new insights into the localization and trafficking behavior of the two COPI-binding proteins p24A and p23.

Several protein regions contribute to determine the nuclear and cytoplasmic localization of the influenza A virus nucleoprotein

Microbiology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosario Bullido ◽  
Paulino Gómez-Puertas ◽  
Carmen Albo ◽  
Agustín Portela
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Intracellular Localization ◽  
Phosphorylation Site ◽  
Nuclear Accumulation ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Ribonucleoprotein Complexes ◽  
Cytoplasmic Transport ◽  
Green Fluorescent

A systematic analysis was carried out to identify the amino acid signals that regulate the nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of the influenza A virus nucleoprotein (NP). The analysis involved determining the intracellular localization of eight deleted recombinant NP proteins and 14 chimeric proteins containing the green fluorescent protein fused to different NP fragments. In addition, the subcellular distribution of NP derivatives that contained specific substitutions at serine-3, which is the major phosphorylation site of the A/Victoria/3/75 NP, were analysed. From the results obtained, it is concluded that the NP contains three signals involved in nuclear accumulation and two regions that cause cytoplasmic accumulation of the fusion proteins. One of the karyophilic signals was located at the N terminus of the protein, and the data obtained suggest that the functionality of this signal can be modified by phosphorylation at serine-3. These findings are discussed in the context of the transport of influenza virus ribonucleoprotein complexes into and out of the nucleus.

scholarly journals A Yeast STE11 Homologue CoMEKK1 Is Essential for Pathogenesis-Related Morphogenesis in Colletotrichum orbiculare

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 1563-1572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayumu Sakaguchi ◽  
Gento Tsuji ◽  
Yasuyuki Kubo
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Intracellular Localization ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Colletotrichum Orbiculare ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Green Fluorescent

Several signal transduction pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, are involved in appressorium development in Colletotrichum orbiculare, the causal agent of cucumber anthracnose disease. In this study, CoMEKK1, a yeast MAPK kinases (MAPKK) kinase STE11 homolog, was identified as a disrupted gene in an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation mutant. The phenotype of comekk1 disruptant was similar to that of cmk1, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fus3/Kss1 MAPK homolog mutant. Moreover, comekk1 and cmk1 mutants were sensitive to high osmotic and salinity stresses, indicating that Comekk1p/Cmk1p signal transduction is involved in stress tolerance. The transformants of the wild type and the comekk1 mutant expressing a constitutively active form of the CoMEKK1 showed slower hyphal growth and abnormal appressorium formation, whereas those of the cmk1 disruptant did not. A Cmk1p-green fluorescent protein (GFP) intracellular localization experiment indicated that nuclear localization of the Cmk1p-GFP fusion protein induced by salt stress was diminished in comekk1 mutants. These results indicate that Comekk1p functions upstream of Cmk1p.

scholarly journals Movement of Bax from the Cytosol to Mitochondria during Apoptosis

1997 ◽  
Vol 139 (5) ◽  
pp. 1281-1292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith G. Wolter ◽  
Yi-Te Hsu ◽  
Carolyn L. Smith ◽  
Amotz Nechushtan ◽  
Xu-Guang Xi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Intracellular Localization ◽  
Integral Membrane Protein ◽  
Mitochondrial Marker ◽  
Nuclear Condensation ◽  
Hydrophobic Domain ◽  
Induction Of Apoptosis ◽  
Green Fluorescent ◽  
Promote Cell Death

Bax, a member of the Bcl-2 protein family, accelerates apoptosis by an unknown mechanism. Bax has been recently reported to be an integral membrane protein associated with organelles or bound to organelles by Bcl-2 or a soluble protein found in the cytosol. To explore Bcl-2 family member localization in living cells, the green fluorescent protein (GFP) was fused to the NH2 termini of Bax, Bcl-2, and Bcl-XL. Confocal microscopy performed on living Cos-7 kidney epithelial cells and L929 fibroblasts revealed that GFP–Bcl-2 and GFP–Bcl-XL had a punctate distribution and colocalized with a mitochondrial marker, whereas GFP–Bax was found diffusely throughout the cytosol. Photobleaching analysis confirmed that GFP–Bax is a soluble protein, in contrast to organelle-bound GFP–Bcl-2. The diffuse localization of GFP–Bax did not change with coexpression of high levels of Bcl-2 or Bcl-XL. However, upon induction of apoptosis, GFP–Bax moved intracellularly to a punctate distribution that partially colocalized with mitochondria. Once initiated, this Bax movement was complete within 30 min, before cellular shrinkage or nuclear condensation. Removal of a COOH-terminal hydrophobic domain from GFP–Bax inhibited redistribution during apoptosis and inhibited the death-promoting activity of both Bax and GFP– Bax. These results demonstrate that in cells undergoing apoptosis, an early, dramatic change occurs in the intracellular localization of Bax, and this redistribution of soluble Bax to organelles appears important for Bax to promote cell death.

scholarly journals Hantavirus Nucleocapsid Protein Is Expressed as a Membrane-Associated Protein in the Perinuclear Region

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 1808-1815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene V. Ravkov ◽  
Richard W. Compans
Keyword(s):  
Nucleocapsid Protein ◽  
New World ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Intracellular Localization ◽  
Cell Fractionation ◽  
Perinuclear Region ◽  
La Crosse Virus ◽  
Microsomal Membranes ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Green Fluorescent

ABSTRACT Black Creek Canal virus (BCCV) is a New World hantavirus which is associated with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. We have examined the site of expression of the BCCV nucleocapsid protein (NBCCV) in the absence of BCCV glycoproteins and found that the majority of the protein is localized to the Golgi region. Immunofluorescence analysis of BHK21 cells expressing the NBCCV and La Crosse virus nucleocapsid protein (NLACV) showed different intracellular localization patterns of these proteins within the same cell: NLACV is cytoplasmic, whereas NBCCV is perinuclear. NBCCV was found to be colocalized with α-mannosidase II, a marker for the Golgi complex. Also, NBCCV was found to be associated with microsomal membranes following cell fractionation. Sedimentation analysis in density gradients revealed that the membrane association of NBCCV is sensitive to treatments with high-salt and high-pH solutions, which indicates that NBCCV is a peripheral membrane protein. Analysis of NBCCV truncation mutants revealed that the 141-amino-acid C-terminal portion of this protein was capable of targeting green fluorescent protein to the perinuclear region. The difference in the intracellular localization between the NBCCV and NLACV proteins suggests that the mechanisms involved in the morphogenesis of New World hantaviruses are distinct from that documented for other members of theBunyaviridae family.

scholarly journals Intracellular Targeting of Gag Proteins of the Drosophila Telomeric Retrotransposons

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (11) ◽  
pp. 6376-6384 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rashkova ◽  
A. Athanasiadis ◽  
M.-L. Pardue
Keyword(s):  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Cluster Formation ◽  
Intracellular Localization ◽  
Ltr Retrotransposons ◽  
Protein Protein Interactions ◽  
Gag Proteins ◽  
Intracellular Targeting ◽  
Identify Amino Acid ◽  
Green Fluorescent

ABSTRACT Drosophila has two non-long-terminal-repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposons that are unique because they have a defined role in chromosome maintenance. These elements, HeT-A and TART, extend chromosome ends by successive transpositions, producing long arrays of head-to-tail repeat sequences. These arrays appear to be analogous to the arrays produced by telomerase on chromosomes of other organisms. While other non-LTR retrotransposons transpose to many chromosomal sites, HeT-A and TART transpose only to chromosome ends. Although HeT-A and TART belong to different subfamilies of non-LTR retrotransposons, they encode very similar Gag proteins, which suggests that Gag proteins are involved in their unique transposition targeting. We have recently shown that both Gags localize efficiently to nuclei where HeT-A Gag forms structures associated with telomeres. TART Gag does not associate with telomeres unless HeT-A Gag is present, suggesting a symbiotic relationship in which HeT-A Gag provides telomeric targeting. We now report studies to identify amino acid regions responsible for different aspects of the intracellular targeting of these proteins. Green fluorescent protein-tagged deletion derivatives were expressed in cultured Drosophila cells. The intracellular localization of these proteins shows the following. (i) Several regions that direct subcellular localizations or cluster formation are found in both Gags and are located in equivalent regions of the two proteins. (ii) Regions important for telomere association are present only in HeT-A Gag. These are present at several places in the protein, are not redundant, and cannot be complemented in trans. (iii) Regions containing zinc knuckle and major homology region motifs, characteristic of retroviral Gags, are involved in protein-protein interactions of the telomeric Gags, as they are in retroviral Gags.

scholarly journals Regulation of ZAP-70 Intracellular Localization: Visualization with the Green Fluorescent Protein

1997 ◽  
Vol 186 (10) ◽  
pp. 1713-1724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Sloan-Lancaster ◽  
Weiguo Zhang ◽  
John Presley ◽  
Brandi L. Williams ◽  
Robert T. Abraham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Green Fluorescent Protein ◽  
T Cell Receptor ◽  
Kinase Activity ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Intracellular Localization ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Cellular Activation ◽  
Intracellular Location ◽  
Green Fluorescent ◽  
Biologic Function

To investigate the cellular dynamics of ZAP-70, we have studied the distribution and regulation of its intracellular location using a ZAP-70 green fluorescent protein chimera. Initial experiments in epithelial cells indicated that ZAP-70 is diffusely located throughout the quiescent cell, and accumulates at the plasma membrane upon cellular activation, a phenotype enhanced by the coexpression of Lck and the initiation of ZAP-70 kinase activity. Subsequent studies in T cells confirmed this phenotype. Intriguingly, a large amount of ZAP-70, both chimeric and endogenous, resides in the nucleus of quiescent and activated cells. Nuclear ZAP-70 becomes tyrosine phosphorylated upon stimulation via the T cell receptor, indicating that it may have an important biologic function.

scholarly journals Intracellular localization of human Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 2-kinase

2007 ◽  
Vol 408 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria A. Brehm ◽  
Tobias M. H. Schenk ◽  
Xuefei Zhou ◽  
Werner Fanick ◽  
Hongying Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Export ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Rat Kidney ◽  
Intracellular Localization ◽  
Stress Granules ◽  
Site Directed Mutagenesis ◽  
Normal Rat ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Green Fluorescent ◽  
Sites Of Action

InsP6 is an intracellular signal with several proposed functions that is synthesized by IP5K [Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 2-kinase]. In the present study, we overexpressed EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein)–IP5K fusion proteins in NRK (normal rat kidney), COS7 and H1299 cells. The results indicate that there is spatial microheterogeneity in the intracellular localization of IP5K that could also be confirmed for the endogenous enzyme. This may facilitate changes in InsP6 levels at its sites of action. For example, overexpressed IP5K showed a structured organization within the nucleus. The kinase was preferentially localized in euchromatin and nucleoli, and co-localized with mRNA. In the cytoplasm, the overexpressed IP5K showed locally high concentrations in discrete foci. The latter were attributed to stress granules by using mRNA, PABP [poly(A)-binding protein] and TIAR (TIA-1-related protein) as markers. The incidence of stress granules, in which IP5K remained highly concentrated, was further increased by puromycin treatment. Using FRAP (fluorescence recovery after photobleaching) we established that IP5K was actively transported into the nucleus. By site-directed mutagenesis we identified a nuclear import signal and a peptide segment mediating the nuclear export of IP5K.

scholarly journals The Rab6 Effector Bicaudal D1 Associates with Chlamydia trachomatis Inclusions in a Biovar-Specific Manner

2006 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 781-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Moorhead ◽  
K. A. Rzomp ◽  
M. A. Scidmore
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Intracellular Localization ◽  
Rab Gtpases ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Guanine Nucleotide Binding ◽  
Obligate Intracellular Bacteria ◽  
Green Fluorescent

ABSTRACT Chlamydia species are obligate intracellular bacteria that replicate within a membrane-bound vacuole, the inclusion, which is trafficked to the peri-Golgi region by processes that are dependent on early chlamydial gene expression. Although neither the host nor the chlamydial proteins that regulate the intracellular trafficking have been clearly defined, several enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-tagged Rab GTPases, including Rab6, are recruited to Chlamydia trachomatis inclusions. To further characterize the association of Rab6 with C. trachomatis inclusions, we examined the intracellular localization of guanine nucleotide-binding mutants of Rab6 and demonstrated that only active GTP-bound and not inactive GDP-bound EGFP-Rab6 mutants were recruited to the inclusion, suggesting that EGFP-Rab6 interacts with the inclusion via a host Rab6 effector or a chlamydial protein that mimics a Rab6 effector. Using EGFP-tagged fusion proteins, we also demonstrated that the Rab6 effector Bicaudal D1 (BICD1) localized to C. trachomatis inclusions in a biovar-specific manner. In addition, we demonstrated that EGFP-Rab6 and its effector EGFP-BICD1 are recruited to the inclusion in a microtubule- and Golgi apparatus-independent but chlamydial gene expression-dependent mechanism. Finally, in contrast to the Rab6-dependent Golgi apparatus localization of endogenous BICD1, EGFP-BICD1 was recruited to the inclusion by a Rab6-independent mechanism. Collectively, these data demonstrate that neither Rab6 nor BICD1 is trafficked to the inclusion via a Golgi apparatus-localized intermediate, suggesting that each protein is trafficked to the C. trachomatis serovar L2 inclusion by a unique, but as-yet-undefined, mechanism.

scholarly journals Intracellular localization of p40, a protein identified in a preparation of lysosomal membranes

2006 ◽  
Vol 395 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marielle Boonen ◽  
Isabelle Hamer ◽  
Muriel Boussac ◽  
Anne-Françoise Delsaute ◽  
Bruno Flamion ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Intracellular Localization ◽  
Subcellular Fractionation ◽  
Lysosomal Membrane ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Lysosomal Membrane Proteins ◽  
Green Fluorescent ◽  
Rat Liver Lysosomes ◽  
Lysosome Membrane

Unlike lysosomal soluble proteins, few lysosomal membrane proteins have been identified. Rat liver lysosomes were purified by centrifugation on a Nycodenz density gradient. The most hydrophobic proteins were extracted from the lysosome membrane preparation and were identified by MS. We focused our attention on a protein of approx. 40 kDa, p40, which contains seven to ten putative transmembrane domains and four lysosomal consensus sorting motifs in its sequence. Knowing that preparations of lysosomes obtained by centrifugation always contain contaminant membranes, we combined biochemical and morphological methods to analyse the subcellular localization of p40. The results of subcellular fractionation of mouse liver homogenates validate the lysosomal residence of p40. In particular, a density shift of lysosomes induced by Triton WR-1339 similarly affected the distributions of p40 and β-galactosidase, a lysosomal marker protein. We confirmed by fluorescence microscopy on eukaryotic cells transfected with p40 or p40–GFP (green fluorescent protein) constructs that p40 is localized in lysosomes. A first molecular characterization of p40 in transfected Cos-7 cells revealed that it is an unglycosylated protein tightly associated with membranes. Taken together, our results strongly support the hypothesis that p40 is an authentic lysosomal membrane protein.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document