The Repetitive Responses of Isolated Axons from the Crab, Carcinus Maenas

1966 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-488
Author(s):  
R. A. CHAPMAN
Keyword(s):  
Refractory Period ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Membrane Resistance ◽  
Physiological Solution ◽  
Response Frequency ◽  
Electrical Currents ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
Relative Refractory Period ◽  
Repolarization Phase ◽  
Cathodal Current

1. A method is described that enables the electrical responses of motor axons isolated from the leg nerve of the crab Carcinus to be studied close to or at the site of imposed electrical currents, while this area is continuously bathed by physiological solution. 2. The three classes of repetitive responses originally described by Hodgkin (1948) have occurred during the present work and additional features of these responses have been described. 3. The results support Hodgkin's original thesis that the development of the spike generating mechanisms determine the response frequency during a repetitive response, but a progressive lengthening of the relative refractory period occurs during this response and is considered to be the agency that causes the gradual slowing down of the response frequency, i.e. the adaption. 4. The processes of membrane restoration (repolarization and recovery) have been shown to be sensitive to applied currents; anodal current hastening and cathodal current slowing it. These phenomena provide a basis for interpreting the change in the duration of the relative refractory period observed during the repetitive response. 5. The differences between the form of the repetitive response in the crab axon and the predictions of the Hodgkin-Huxley equations is discussed and it seems likely that the rapid recovery of the membrane resistance during the repolarization phase of the crab axon action potential underlies this difference.

Anodal Excitation of Cardiac Muscle

1957 ◽  
Vol 190 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul F. Cranefield ◽  
Brian F. Hoffman ◽  
Arthur A. Siebens
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Muscle ◽  
Refractory Period ◽  
Ventricular Myocardium ◽  
Relative Refractory Period ◽  
Double Origin ◽  
Cathodal Stimulation

The strength-interval curve of dog ventricular myocardium has been measured with anodal and cathodal stimulation. During diastole the anodal threshold is higher than the cathodal. As anodal stimuli are applied progressively earlier the anodal threshold first rises above and then falls to levels below the anodal diastolic threshold. During most of the relative refractory period the anodal threshold is lower than the cathodal threshold. At all times during the late relative refractory period and throughout diastole excitation of double origin (anodal and cathodal) is evoked by sufficiently strong stimuli; this simultaneous origin of excitation at two points does not evoke fibrillation. During the early relative refractory period, however, only the anode is able to excite. Differences between anodal and cathodal thresholds are not attributable to asynchronous repolarization at the two electrode sites. The ‘no-response’ phenomenon occurs only when the anodal threshold is markedly lower than the cathodal.

Relative Refractory Period

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-250
Author(s):  
Mary G. Adams ◽  
Michele M. Pelter
Keyword(s):  
Refractory Period ◽  
Relative Refractory Period

Stabilization and rectification of muscle fiber membrane by tetrodotoxin

1960 ◽  
Vol 198 (5) ◽  
pp. 934-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshio Narahashi ◽  
Takehiko Deguchi ◽  
Norimoto Urakawa ◽  
Yoshio Ohkubo
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Membrane Resistance ◽  
Frog Muscle ◽  
Resting Potential ◽  
Fiber Membrane ◽  
Delayed Rectification ◽  
Intracellular Microelectrodes ◽  
Cathodal Current ◽  
Muscle Fiber Membrane

The mode of action of tetrodotoxin on the frog muscle fiber membrane has been analyzed with the aid of intracellular microelectrodes. Tetrodotoxin of 10–7 concentration made the applied cathodal current ineffective in producing action potential, whereas the resting potential and resting membrane resistance underwent little or no change. With 10–8 tetrodotoxin the muscle fibers responded with the small action potentials at high critical depolarizations. These results can be explained on the basis of the membrane being stabilized by inactivation of the sodium-carrying mechanism. Although delayed rectification was not observed in normal muscle fibers, it became apparent in the fibers rendered inexcitable by tetrodotoxin. This finding, together with other evidence in the existing literature, supports an applicability of the sodium theory to the frog muscle fibers.

Refractory period response of cardiac Purkinje tissue to alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenergic influences

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (1) ◽  
pp. H376-H382 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Cable ◽  
T. E. Rath ◽  
E. R. Dreyer ◽  
J. B. Martins
Keyword(s):  
Mean Arterial Pressure ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Refractory Period ◽  
Adrenergic Stimulation ◽  
Relative Refractory Period ◽  
Wb 4101 ◽  
Adrenergic Antagonists

Our purpose was to characterize Purkinje responses in vivo to alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenergic stimulation in sinoaortically denervated and vagotomized dogs pretreated with metoprolol (1 mg/kg). We measured Purkinje relative refractory period (PRRP) responses to norepinephrine (NE) and phenylephrine (PE) with prazosin and/or yohimbine, WB-4101, and chloralethylclonidine (CEC) in varying doses. Results were as follows: PE infusion (25 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) prolonged PRRP (9.6 +/- 1.4 ms; a 4.1 +/- 0.4% change). Prazosin blocked PRRP prolongation with PE at 7 x 10(-8) M/kg (P < 0.05). Yohimbine did not attenuate PRRP prolongation with PE either alone or in combination with prazosin. NE infusion (0.8 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) also prolonged PRRP (9.2 +/- 2.3 ms; a 4.8 +/- 1.0% change). In contrast neither prazosin nor yohimbine at any dose (up to 10(-6) M/kg) totally blocked the prolongation with NE infusion. However, with prazosin (2 x 10(-7) M/kg) pretreatment, yohimbine blocked PRRP prolongation, significant at 7 x 10(-8) M/kg (P < 0.05). In separate experiments with yohimbine pretreatment at 7 x 10(-8) M/kg, PRRP prolongation with either PE or NE infusion was blocked equipotently with WB-4101 and CEC at 7 x 10(-8) M/kg. However, CEC did not block mean arterial pressure (MAP) responses to PE or NE infusion unlike WB-4101. We concluded that both subclasses of alpha 1-adrenergic antagonists equipotently block PRRP prolongation by alpha-agonists despite different effects on MAP. Purkinje refractoriness is also prolonged by alpha 2-adrenergic stimulation acting at the cell membrane.

Relative refractory period: A measure to detect early neuropathy in alcoholics

1987 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kathryn Alderson ◽  
Jack H. Petajan
Keyword(s):  
Refractory Period ◽  
Relative Refractory Period

Relative Refractory Period in an Excitable Semiconductor Laser

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Selmi ◽  
R. Braive ◽  
G. Beaudoin ◽  
I. Sagnes ◽  
R. Kuszelewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Semiconductor Laser ◽  
Refractory Period ◽  
Relative Refractory Period

Evidence for Ca2+-activated K+ Conductance in Cat Spinal Motoneurons from Intracellular EGTA Injections

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 1214-1218 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Krnjević ◽  
E. Puil ◽  
R. Werman
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Action Potential ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Membrane Resistance ◽  
Resting Potential ◽  
Tetraacetic Acid ◽  
Spinal Motoneurons ◽  
Repolarization Phase

Ethylene glycol bis-(β-aminoelhyl ether)-N,N′-tetraacetic acid, injected by iontophoresis from triple-barrelled intracellular micropipettes, consistently raised the membrane resistance and depressed the post-spike after hyperpolarization (AHP), but did not slow the falling phase of the action potential. [Ca2+]i-activated K+ channels appear to play a significant role in the genesis of the AHP and in the control of the resting potential, but not in the repolarization phase of the action potential.

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