On a Peculiar Type of Intersexuality in the Guinea-Pig

1927 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-244
Author(s):  
ALEXANDER LIPSCHUTZ
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
The Other ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Normal Female ◽  
Sexual Hormones ◽  
Testicular Transplantation ◽  
Hereditary Nature ◽  
External Genital Organs

An abnormal condition of the external genital organs in 16 otherwise normal female guinea-pigs is described. They possessed an hypertrophied penis-like clitoris and horny styles similar to those in the intromittent sac of the normal male penis. The abnormalities are often asymmetrical, the clitoris and the horny style on one side being more developed than on the other. They may even be absent on one side. It is suggested that the malformation is a peculiar type of "partial somatic intersexuality," the external genital organs resembling those in the male guinea-pig. The condition is identical with that described in the castrated female guinea-pig experimentally masculinised by testicular transplantation. There was no indication of the ovaries producing simultaneously female and male sexual hormones: (a) The ovaries were histologically normal. (b) The ovaries when engrafted into castrated males produced the typical female hormonic effect on the mammary glands and had no influence on the penis or on the horny styles. (c) The clitoris and the horny styles of the intersexual females were not affected by removal of the ovaries, whereas in the male removal of the testes caused a pronounced regression of the horny styles even in fully grown animals. (d) The horny styles when cut regenerated even after removal of the ovaries; there is never a regeneration in the castrated male, but only in the normal male. The question is discussed whether the described type of intersexuality might be a case of "successive hormonic intersexuality," both kinds of sexual hormones having been produced simultaneously for a certain time whereas at a later stage only female hormones were secreted. The hypertrophied clitoris and the horny styles would then be considered as "fixed" sex characters persisting after the disappearance of the male sexual hormones. The problem of fixation of sex characters by sexual hormones is considered on experimental lines. The facts observed are rather against the suggestion that the intersexuality described is a case of successive hormonic intersexuality. Other possibilities of explaining the morphogenetic basis of this peculiar type of intersexuality are also discussed. The intersexuality described is of an hereditary nature.

scholarly journals A SOLUBLE ANTIGEN OF LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS

1940 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Smadel ◽  
M. J. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soluble Antigen ◽  
Soluble Substance ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Times

Anti-soluble substance antibodies and neutralizing substances, which develop following infection with the virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis, appear to be separate entities. The times of appearance and regression of the two antibodies are different in both man and the guinea pig; the antisoluble substance antibodies appear earlier and remain a shorter time. Moreover, mice develop them but no demonstrable neutralizing substances. Injection of formalin-treated, virus-free extracts containing considerable amounts of soluble antigen fails to elicit anti-soluble substance antibodies and to induce immunity in normal guinea pigs; administration of such preparations to immune pigs, however, is followed by a marked increase in the titer of anti-soluble substance antibodies in their serum. On the other hand, suspensions of formolized washed virus are effective in normal guinea pigs in stimulating both anti-soluble substance antibodies and protective substances, and in inducing immunity to infection.

scholarly journals Guinea-pig liver tryptophan pyrrolase. Absence of detectable apoenzyme activity and of hormonal induction by cortisol and possible regulation by tryptophan

1974 ◽  
Vol 138 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulla A.-B. Badawy ◽  
Myrddin Evans
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Liver Enzyme ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Actinomycin D ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pig Liver ◽  
Latent Form ◽  
Tryptophan Pyrrolase ◽  
Guinea Pig Liver

1. When assayed in fresh homogenates, guinea-pig liver tryptophan pyrrolase exists only as holoenzyme. It does not respond to agents that activate or inhibit the rat liver enzyme in vitro. Only by aging (for 30min at 5°C) does the guinea-pig enzyme develop a requirement for ascorbate. 2. The guinea-pig liver enzyme is activated by the administration of tryptophan but not cortisol, salicylate, ethanol or 5-aminolaevulinate. 3. The tryptophan enhancement of the guinea-pig liver pyrrolase activity is prevented by 0, 34 and 86% by pretreatment with actinomycin D, cycloheximide or allopurinol respectively. 4. The guinea-pig liver tryptophan pyrrolase is more sensitive to tryptophan administration than is the rat enzyme. On the other hand, the concentrations of tryptophan in sera and livers of guinea pigs are 45–52% less than those in rats. 5. It is suggested that tryptophan may regulate the activity of guinea-pig liver tryptophan pyrrolase by mobilizing a latent form of the enzyme whose primary function is the detoxication of its substrate.

scholarly journals QUANTITATIVE DISTRIBUTION OF PARTICULATE MATERIAL (MANGANESE DIOXIDE) ADMINISTERED INTRAVENOUSLY TO THE DOG, RABBIT, GUINEA PIG, RAT, CHICKEN, AND TURTLE

1921 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles C. Lund ◽  
Louis A. Shaw ◽  
Cecil K. Drinker
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Manganese Dioxide ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Particulate Material ◽  
The Other ◽  
Quantitative Distribution

The distribution of manganese dioxide particles 1 hour following intravenous injection in cats, dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, chickens, and turtles is described. This distribution is remarkably constant for all the animals tested, except the cat, in which the injected material is practically equally divided between the lungs and liver. In the other animals the liver performs the main share of the work, and in the cat it has been shown that the liver after 12 hours accumulates the manganese which was formerly deposited in the lungs. The results are in harmony with experiments in which bacterial suspensions are employed for injection and confirm the suggestion previously made (2) that in the first handling of foreign particulate material the animal behaves similarly whether protein or inorganic injections are used.

scholarly journals The protein-synthesizing activity of ribosomes isolated from the mammary gland of lactating and pregnant guinea pigs

1971 ◽  
Vol 123 (5) ◽  
pp. 865-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Fairhurst ◽  
Diana McIlreavy ◽  
P. N. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Cyanogen Bromide ◽  
Mammary Glands

1. Polyribosome preparations were made from the deoxycholate-treated post-nuclear fractions obtained by the disruption of mammary glands from lactating and pregnant guinea pigs. 2. A high proportion of large polyribosomes was obtained from the glands of lactating animals whereas mainly small polyribosomes were obtained from the glands of pregnant animals. The isolated preparations incorporated [14C]phenylalanine into protein. The polyribosomes from the glands of pregnant animals were less active than those from the glands of lactating animals but the activity of the former was stimulated more by poly(U) than was the latter. 3. The ribosomes from mammary gland could be dissociated into subunits after incubation, under conditions necessary for protein synthesis, in the presence of puromycin. The subunits could be recombined to give a preparation that actively polymerized [14C]phenylalanine in the presence of poly(U). The subunits from guinea-pig mammary gland could be combined with subunits from liver of either guinea pig or rat. Hybrid ribosomes were also formed from subunits derived from glands of pregnant and lactating animals. The hybrids were as active as were the ribosomes formed by reassociation of subunits from the same tissue, suggesting that in this respect the ribosomes from pregnant animals were not defective. 4. Polyribosomes from mammary glands of lactating animals when incubated with cell sap from the same source were tested for their ability to synthesize α-lactalbumin. The polyribosomes were incubated in the presence of [3H]leucine and α-lactalbumin was isolated from the supernatant. The protein was finally treated with cyanogen bromide and the C-terminal and N-terminal fragments were separated and their radioactivity was determined. Both fragments were radioactive consistent with the synthesis of α-lactalbumin. 5. The results are discussed in relation to protein synthesis in the mammary gland after parturition.

Chronicle

1934 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-227
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Subsequent Infection ◽  
Other Hand

The All-Ukrainian Bacteriological Institute is developing with successful results the question of protective vaccinations against typhus. A number of experiments performed on guinea pigs showed that guinea pig infected with typhus passerine virus and having suffered the disease is immune to subsequent infection with the blood of a typhus-typhoid patient. On the other hand, guinea pig infected with the blood of a typhoid patient and having survived the disease appears immune to infection with the guinea pig passage virus.

Benign Mesenchymoma of the Heart in the Guinea Pig

1968 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. McConnell ◽  
Raymond D. Ediger
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Breeding Colony ◽  
Muscle Tissues ◽  
Single Mass

Thirty-six hundred ninety-eight guinea pigs of the Dunkin-Hartley strain from the breeding colony at Fort Detrick were necropsied. Four females had mesenchymomas of the heart. The tumors were similar histologically and were composed of multiple benign mesenchymal tissues which were amalgamated into a single mass. One tumor was composed of fibrous, angiomatous, adipose, cartilagenous, osscous, hematopoietic, myxomatous, and possibly smooth muscle tissues. Smooth muscle and myxomatous tissues were not found in the other tumors. All were benign and probably originated from the primitive mesenchyme of the heart.

PROGESTERONE AND OESTRADIOL RECEPTORS IN THE UTERUS OF OESTRADIOL-PRIMED FETAL AND NEWBORN GUINEA-PIGS

1980 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. SUMIDA ◽  
C. GELLY ◽  
J. R. PASQUALINI
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Progesterone Receptors ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Oestrogen Treatment ◽  
Hormonal Effect ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Newborn Animals

The responsiveness of the uterus of the guinea-pig to oestrogen treatment was studied in the fetal and perinatal periods. Twenty-four hours after one dose of 1 mg oestradiol/kg body wt to the pregnant guinea-pig, there was no significant increase in uterine wet weight of the fetus but a sevenfold increase in the concentration of progesterone receptors. In the perinatal period, doses of 1,10 and 100 μg oestradiol led to as much as an 80% increase in uterine wet weight after 24 h in both 2- and 7-day-old guinea-pigs. On the other hand, levels of progesterone receptors in newborn animals showed a smaller increase (twofold) than that which occurred in the fetal uterus. In both fetal and newborn guinea-pigs, total oestradiol-receptor concentrations (both available and occupied binding sites) decreased significantly after treatment with oestradiol. It was concluded that the hormonal effect of oestradiol on progesterone-receptor synthesis can be expressed in the fetus and to an even greater extent than in the perinatal period over the same period of time. In the fetus, this response can be distinguished from the overall uterotrophic effect of oestradiol.

scholarly journals Growth, ascorbic acid and iron contents of tissues of young guinea-pigs whose dams received high or low levels of dietary ascorbic acid or Fe during pregnancy and suckling

1988 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Bates ◽  
T. D. Cowen ◽  
Harumi Tsuchiya
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Acid Intake ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Fe Storage ◽  
Very High

1. Guinea-pig dams were fed on purified diets containing high (5 g/kg diet plus 1 g/l drinking water) or moderate (0.5 g/kg diet) levels of ascorbic acid, in combination with high (1 g/kg diet) or moderate (0.043 g/kg diet) levels of iron, during pregnancy and suckling. Their offsprings' diets contained 0.1 g ascorbic acid/kg and 0.04 g Fe/kg.2. High ascorbic acid intake clearly enhanced both tissue ascorbate and Fe storage in the dams, and high Fe intake increased both the dams' and the pups' tissue Fe stores.3. In the animals receiving high Fe intake, a co-existing high ascorbate intake by the dams reduced the growth rate of the offspring, but only during the early stages of development, not during the later stages of post-weaning growth. All the pups' tissue ascorbate levels fell after weaning, but those born of the dams receiving the high ascorbic acid diets did not fall to levels lower than those of the other pups.4. Thus, although certain disadvantages to the offspring resulting from very-high ascorbic acid intake by pregnant guinea-pig dams were detected, these did not include permanently increased ascorbate requirements, and hence a progression to scurvy as the pups grew and matured.

Biological effects and ultrastructural alterations of cis-tamoxifen, N-desmethyltamoxifen and 4-hydroxytamoxifen in the uterus and vagina of newborn guinea pigs

1988 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Lecerf ◽  
B.-L. Nguyen ◽  
J. R. Pasqualini
Keyword(s):  
Progesterone Receptor ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Progesterone Receptors ◽  
The Other ◽  
Short Treatment ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Ultrastructural Alterations ◽  
Other Hand

Abstract. The biological and morphological effects of cis-tamoxifen, N-desmethyltamoxifen and 4-hydroxytamoxifen, administered sc alone (100 μg/animal) or combined with estradiol (20 μg/animal) were studied in the uterus and vagina of the guinea pig. After 2 days treatment the values of the uterine wet weights (mg ± sd of 6–10 animals in each study) were as follows: non-treated animals (control): 142 ± 15; animals treated with cis-tamoxifen: 119 ± 4; N-desmethyltamoxifen: 280 ± 20; 4-hydroxytamoxifen: 268 ± 25. The values after long treatment were: 177 ± 30; 490 ± 65; 394 ± 36 and 581 ± 60, respectively. After short treatment the weights of the vaginas were: control: 99 ± 20; cis-Tamoxifen: 67 ± 2; N-desmethyltamoxifen: 153 ± 25; 4-hydroxytamoxifen: 166 ± 7; and after the long treatment: 155 ± 40; 660 ± 41; 467 ± 38 and 502 ±61, respectively. N-desmethyltamoxifen and 4-hydroxytamoxifen increased the progesterone receptors in the uterus after short treatment (P < 0.01) but not after 12 days treatment. On the other hand, there was no effect on progesterone receptor in the vagina after the short treatment but a very stimulatory effect after the long treatment. The morphological alterations after 12-days treatment indicate that the three tamoxifen derivatives in the two tissues studied provoke intense alterations in different organelles. In conclusion, it is suggested that the tamoxifen derivatives can act as real agonists in the uterus and vagina of the newborn guinea pig, and they do not block the effect provoked by estradiol.

scholarly journals Sensitizing Capacities and Cross-Reactivity Patterns of Some Diisocyanates and Amines Using the Guinea-Pig Maximization Test. Can p-phenylenediamine be Used as a Marker for Diisocyanate Contact Allergy?

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haneen Hamada ◽  
Erik Zimerson ◽  
Magnus Bruze ◽  
Marléne Isaksson ◽  
Malin Engfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Patch Test ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Contact Allergy ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Patch Test ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Test Reactions ◽  
Toxic Reactions

Background:Isocyanates are mainly considered respiratory allergens but can also cause contact allergy. Diphenylmethane-4,4′-diamine (4,4′-MDA) has been considered a marker for diphenylmethane-4,4′-diisocyanate (4,4′-MDI) contact allergy. Furthermore, overrepresentation of positive patch-test reactions top-phenylenediamine (PPD) in 4,4′-MDA positive patients have been reported.Objectives:To investigate the sensitizing capacities of toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (2,4-TDI) and PPD and the cross-reactivity of 4,4′-MDA, 2,4-TDI, dicyclohexylmethane-4,4′-diamine (4,4′-DMDA), dicyclohexylmethane-4,4′-diisocyanate (4,4′-DMDI), 4,4′-MDI and PPD.Methods:The Guinea Pig Maximization Test (GPMT) was used.Results:PPD was shown to be a strong sensitizer (p<0.001). Animals sensitized to PPD showed cross-reactivity to 4,4′-MDA (p<0.001). Animals sensitized to 4,4′-MDA did not show cross-reactivity to PPD. 8 animals sensitized to 2,4-TDI were sacrificed due to toxic reactions at the induction site and could thus not be fully evaluated.Conclusion:PPD was shown to be a strong sensitizer. However, it cannot be used as a marker for isocyanate contact allergy. On the other hand, positive reactions to 4,4′-MDA could indicate a PPD allergy. The intradermal induction concentration of 2,4-TDI (0.70% w/v) can induce strong local toxic reactions in guinea-pigs and should be lowered.

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