On the Nervous Control of the Velar Cilia of the Nudibranch Veliger

1926 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. CARTER
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Acid Medium ◽  
Alkaline Medium ◽  
Outer Surface ◽  
Ciliated Cell ◽  
Nerve Endings ◽  
Nerve Tissue ◽  
Nervous Control

(1) The beat of the velar cilia of the Nudibranch veliger is intermittent and appears to be under the control of the organism. (2) Fibres lying between the cells which bear the velar cilia are described. They end near the outer surface of these cells in fibrils which resemble those of the muscle-plate in structure. They stain with specific nerve-stains and were shown to be in all probability continuous with nerves lying deeper in the tissues. It is concluded that these are nerve-fibrils. (3) Within the ciliated cell at the level of the terminal fibrils of these fibres there is a layer of granules which stain with methylene blue. (4) The cilia of cells which have been separated from the tissues beat actively but the beat is continuous and not intermittent. (5) In the presence of various narcotics the intermissions are inhibited more quickly than the beat of the cilia is affected and at a lower concentration of the drug. (6) Some drugs which are not known to act as narcotics were used and with certain exceptions, which are discussed, did not have this effect. (7) In an acid medium the beat is slower but the intermissions continue so long as the cilia beat. (8) In an alkaline medium the intermissions are inhibited before the beat is affected. This is discussed and it is suggested that it is in accordance with recent work on the effect of changes in the reaction of the medium on nerve-tissue. (9) It is concluded that the nerve-endings found among these cells are regulatory and are concerned in the causation of the intermissions. The beat of the cilia is therefore under the control of the nervous system of the animal.

A SEM and Light Microscope Study of the Epidermal Leaf Structures of the Carnivorous Plant, Sarracenia purpurea, L.

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 358-359
Author(s):  
B. J. Panessa ◽  
J. F. Gennaro
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Toluidine Blue ◽  
Outer Surface ◽  
Microscope Study ◽  
Light Microscope ◽  
Carnivorous Plant ◽  
Sarracenia Purpurea ◽  
Inner Surface

Tissue from the hood and sarcophagus regions were fixed in 6% glutaraldehyde in 1 M.cacodylate buffer and washed in buffer. Tissue for SEM was partially dried, attached to aluminium targets with silver conducting paint, carbon-gold coated(100-500Å), and examined in a Kent Cambridge Stereoscan S4. Tissue for the light microscope was post fixed in 1% aqueous OsO4, dehydrated in acetone (4°C), embedded in Epon 812 and sectioned at ½u on a Sorvall MT 2 ultramicrotome. Cross and longitudinal sections were cut and stained with PAS, 0.5% toluidine blue and 1% azure II-methylene blue. Measurements were made from both SEM and Light micrographs.The tissue had two structurally distinct surfaces, an outer surface with small (225-500 µ) pubescent hairs (12/mm2), numerous stoma (77/mm2), and nectar glands(8/mm2); and an inner surface with large (784-1000 µ)stiff hairs(4/mm2), fewer stoma (46/mm2) and larger, more complex glands(16/mm2), presumably of a digestive nature.

Method for the Quantification of Alginate in Microcapsules

1993 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 429-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Hallé ◽  
Danielle Landry ◽  
Alain Fournier ◽  
Michèle Beaudry ◽  
Francois A. Leblond
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Alkaline Medium ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sensitive Assay ◽  
Reliable Measurement ◽  
Alginate Concentration ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Alginate Content

Alginate is a key reagent in the preparation of microcapsules for cell transplantation. To address the question of the intracapsular alginate concentration, a sensitive assay has been developed to quantify the alginate content of microcapsules. The method is based on the metachromatic change induced by alginate binding to the dye, 1,9-dimethyl methylene blue (DMMB). The assay has a high sensitivity and precision. It covers a wide concentration range enabling the measurement of alginate in dilute supernatants as well as in microcapsules. For the latter, the membrane is initially dissolved by incubating the microcapsules in an alkaline medium. The effect of potentially interfering substances (poly-l-lysine (PLL), citrate, chloride, sodium) and of pH has been studied. Poly-l-lysine interfered with the assay at pH 6.5 but not at pH 13. Interference by sodium augmented with increasing sodium concentration and reached a plateau at 200 mM. This problem was overcome by routinely adjusting all samples to 500 mM sodium. The other substances tested had a negligible effect on the assay. The reliable measurement of alginate with this new assay will allow the optimization of the intracapsular alginate concentration.

On the toxicity of methylene blue

1927 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 1091-1097
Author(s):  
A. I. Puchek
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Analgesic Effect ◽  
Nerve Tissue ◽  
Microscopic Technique ◽  
The 19Th Century

Methylene blue was discovered by the chemist Careau at the end of the 19th century. R. Koch, in 1882, first used it in microscopic technique, working with the tuberculosis pathogen he had discovered. Later, in 1890, Ehrlich noticed the affinity of methylene blue for nerve tissue and its analgesic effect. A year later it was suggested by Gutmann, and then by Giems for treatment of malaria. Since that time, blue has been used for the treatment of a wide variety of diseases and, as can be seen from the literature, with some success, for example, in diseases of the urinary tract of a gonorrheic nature, in dysentery, recurrent typhus, in tuberculosis of the throat, in neoplasms, nephritis of an infectious nature, etc.

Pesticides

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 602-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
LAURA Y. CABRERA
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Mental Function ◽  
Molecular Systems ◽  
Chemical Exposures ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Abstract:There is growing evidence about the influence of chemical exposures on specific molecular systems and mechanisms involved in cognitive and mental function. Evidence is also emerging about the negative impact of these chemical exposures on mental health, including depression, suicide, and other risks. Despite the growing appreciation of these factors, however, little attention has been paid to the ethical and social implications of their interactions. Drawing on recent work that argues for an environmental neuroethics approach that explicitly brings together ethics, environment, and conditions of the central nervous system, this article focuses on these critical issues for pesticides specifically.

scholarly journals Unna's Polychrome Methylene Blue Method

1899 ◽  
Vol 45 (190) ◽  
pp. 466-468
Author(s):  
T. Aldous Clinch
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
The Central Nervous System

In the Neurologisches Centralblatt for July 15th, 1898, Drs. Luithleu and Sorgo describe a method of staining the central nervous system, which at that time I believed to be new. However, Dr. Wright, in the summer number of Brain for the same year, and therefore about the same time, referred to, without describing the same method, so that it is obvious that it had already claimed some attention from neurologists.

Nervous Control of Gut Movements in Lophius

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Z. Young
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Inhibitory Action ◽  
Sympathetic Nerves ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sufficient Data ◽  
Nervous Control ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Hand Control ◽  
Excitatory Action

There are not sufficient data available to allow any general statements about the earlier stages of evolution of the autonomic nervous system and of its various transmitter mechanisms. In the previous paper (Young, 1980) it was shown that control of the stomach of elasmobranchs is largely by the inhibitory action of the sympathetic nerves, probably mediated by 5-HT. In teleostean fishes on the other hand control seems to be mainly by the cholinergic excitatory action of the vagus, especially in the more advanced (acanthopterygian) groups (Grove & Campbell, 1979a, b; Fänge & Grove, 1979).

Neurobiology of parasitic platyhelminths: possible solutions to the problems of correlating structure with function

Parasitology ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 102 (S1) ◽  
pp. S31-S39 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Pax ◽  
J. L. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Patch Clamp ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Small Molecule ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Patch Clamp Recording ◽  
Quantitative Fluorescence ◽  
Recording Techniques

This paper provides an overview of research on the nervous system of parasitic platyhelminths. We have emphasized studies concerned with the physiological, pharmacological and biochemical nature of the major small molecule neurotransmitters of these parasites. We have attempted to provide a critical review of the work by focusing on important unresolved issues. Finally, we have focused on some recent work in our laboratory, using patch-clamp recording techniques and quantitative fluorescence cytometry, as an example of newer methods that will hopefully resolve some of the unanswered questions concerning the nervous system of these parasites.

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