Studies on Salt and Water Balance in Caddis Larvae (Trichoptera)

1961 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. SUTCLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Malpighian Tubule ◽  
Free Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chloride Uptake ◽  
Concentrated Solution ◽  
Salt And Water Balance

1. Limnephilus affinis larvae tolerate external salt concentrations up to at least 410 mM./l. NaCl (about 75% sea water) and survive for short periods in 470 mM./l. NaCl (about 85/ sea water). 2. The body wall is highly permeable to water, but relatively impermeable to sodium and chloride. Most of the sodium and chloride uptake from salt water occurs via the mouth. 3. The sodium and chloride levels in the haemolymph are powerfully regulated. Both are maintained strongly hypotonic against large external concentration gradients. 4. The Malpighian tubule-rectal system is very sensitive to changes in the haemolymph chloride level. The chloride concentration in the rectal fluid can be at least three times greater than the concentration in the haemolymph, and slightly greater than the concentration in the external medium. 5. The rectal fluid is hyper-osmotic to the haemolymph and to the medium at high external salt concentrations. 6. At external concentrations greater than about 200 mM./l. NaCl, water balance is maintained by regulating the haemolymph roughly iso-osmotic with the medium. This is partly achieved by increasing the non-electrolyte fraction in the haemolymph. A small quantity of osmotically free water is available to replace any osmotic loss. This can be obtained by drinking salt water and producing a concentrated solution of salts in the rectum.

Studies on Salt and Water Balance in Caddis Larvae (Trichoptera)

1961 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. SUTCLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Malpighian Tubule ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Fluid Composition ◽  
Chloride Level ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Water Media ◽  
Salt And Water Balance

1. Survival and regulation in sea-water media was studied in the freshwater caddises Limnephilus stigma and Anabolia nervosa. 2. The majority of larvae did not survive for more than a few days at external salt concentrations greater than about 6o mM./l. NaCl. 3. In sea-water media the haemolymph osmotic pressure increased to remain slightly hyper-osmotic to the medium. The haemolymph sodium level also increased to remain slightly hypertonic to the medium, but the chloride level was maintained hypotonic until just prior to death of the larvae. 4. When the haemolymph chloride concentration was raised above the normal level, the Malpighian tubule-rectal system elaborated fluid in which the chloride concentration was hypertonic to the haemolymph. The system is highly sensitive to changes in the haemolymph chloride level. 5. The regulation of body-fluid composition in the freshwater caddises is compared with that found previously in the euryhaline larvae of Limnephilus affinis. It is suggested that the maintenance of a low haemolymph sodium concentration in L. affinis larvae is an important part of the adaptation for survival in salt water.

scholarly journals Salt and Water Balance in the East African Fresh-Water Crab, Potamon Niloticus (M. Edw.)

1959 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. SHAW
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
East African ◽  
Sodium Loss ◽  
Salt And Water Balance

1. The mechanisms of salt and water balance in the East African fresh-water crab, Potamon niloticus, have been investigated. 2. The freezing-point depression of the blood is equivalent to that of a 271 mM./l. NaCl solution. 3. The animals cannot survive in solutions more concentrated than 75% sea water. Above the normal blood concentration, the blood osmotic pressure follows that of the medium. 4. The urine is iso-osmotic with the blood and is produced at a very slow rate. The potassium content is only half that of the blood. 5. The animal loses sodium at a rate of 8 µM./10 g./hr. mainly through the body surface. Potassium loss occurs at one-sixteenth of this rate. 6. Sodium balance can be maintained at a minimum external concentration of 0.05 mM./l. Potassium requires a concentration of 0.07 mM./l. 7. Active absorption of both sodium and potassium occurs. The rate of uptake of sodium depends on the extent of previous sodium loss. The rate of sodium uptake may be affected by such environmental factors as the salt content of the water, temperature and oxygen tension. 8. The normal oxygen consumption rate is 0.72 mg./10 g./hr. A minimum of 2.3% is used in doing osmotic work to maintain salt balance. 9. The salt and water balance in Potamon is discussed in relation to the adaptation of the Crustacea to fresh water. The importance of permeability changes is stressed.

Salt and water balance and renin activity in renal hypertension of rats

1975 ◽  
Vol 228 (6) ◽  
pp. 1847-1855 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Mohring ◽  
B Mohring ◽  
H-J Naumann ◽  
A Philippi ◽  
E Homsy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Renal Artery ◽  
Renal Hypertension ◽  
The Body ◽  
Renin Activity ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Contralateral Kidney ◽  
Salt And Water Balance ◽  
Renal Artery Constriction

In male Sprague-Dawley rats, renal artery constriction in the presence of an inact contralateral kidney induced sodium retention (for 2-3 wk), moderate potassium loss,elevation of blood volume (BV), and an increase in water turnover. It is suggestedthat renal artery constriction activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, resulting in disordered regulation of salt and water balance and in blood pressure (BP) elevation. Subsequently, sodium balance was reestablished in one group of hypertensive rats. The previously retained sodium was kept in the body, and BV and reninactivity remained elevated. In a second group of animals, a malignant course of hypertension developed: BP surpassed a critical level of about 180 mmHg; sodium, potassium, and water were lost; BV declined; renin activity was further stimulated; and in the contralateral kidney malignant nephrosclerosis occurred. It is assumed that pressure diuresis and natriuresis induce a vicious circle: the increasing renin activity may maintain or further increase BP level, therby inducing further salt and water loss, etc.; high BP levels and high renin activities induce vascular damage and deterioration of renal function.

Salt and Water Balance in Salmon Smolts

1970 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-564
Author(s):  
W. T. W. POTTS ◽  
MARGARET A. FOSTER ◽  
J. W. STATHER
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sodium Pump ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Exchange Diffusion ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses ◽  
Salt And Water Balance

1. Salmon smolts adapted to sea water maintain a high rate of turnover of both sodium and chloride, but when adapted to fresh water the rate of turnover is low. 2. Only a small part of the influx takes place through the gut. 3. On immediate transfer from sea water to dilute sea water or to fresh water the influxes decline rapidly, but on transfer from fresh water to sea water the restoration of the fluxes takes place slowly. 4. The alternative hypotheses that the rapid changes are due to exchange diffusion or to rapid adjustments of the sodium pump are discussed.

scholarly journals The chloride channel Bestrophin‐1 acts in the Malpighian tubule and hindgut of Drosophila melanogaster to maintain salt and water balance

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Aylin Rodan ◽  
John Pleinis ◽  
Sima Jonusaite ◽  
Jacob Hudac ◽  
Austin Goodwin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Chloride Channel ◽  
Malpighian Tubule ◽  
Salt And Water Balance

scholarly journals Regulation of Water and Some Ions in Gammarids (Amphipoda)

1971 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-369
Author(s):  
D. W. SUTCLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Salinity Range ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Body Sodium ◽  
Total Body

1. A comparison was made of the body water contents and the concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride in the blood and body water of Gammarus zaddachi, G. locusta and Marinogammarus finmarchicus. 2. G. zaddachi had a slightly higher body water content than G. locusta and M. finmarchicus. 3. In all three species the blood chloride concentration was lower than the external chloride concentration in 80-113 % sea water, but the blood sodium concentration was equal to or slightly above the sodium concentration in the external medium. 4. The total body sodium concentration was always greater than the total body chloride concentration. In M.finmarchicus the ratio of body sodium/chloride increased from 1.2 to 1.3 over the salinity range 100-20% sea water. In G. zaddachi the ratio of body sodium/chloride increased from 1.08 at 100% sea water to 1.87 in 0.25 mM/l NaCl. 5. The total body potassium concentration remained constant. The potassium loss rate and the balance concentration were relatively high in G. zaddachi. 6. The porportion of body water in the blood space was calculated from the assumption that a Donnan equilibrium exists between chloride and potassium ions in the extracellular blood space and the intracellular space. In G. zaddachi the blood space was equivalent to 60% body H2O at 100% sea water, and equivalent to 50% body H2O at 40% sea water down to 0.5 mM/l NaCl. In M.finmarchicus the blood space was equivalent to 38-44% body H2O at salinities of 20-100% sea water. 7. The mean intracellular concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride were also calculated. It was concluded that for each ion its intracellular concentration is much the same in the four euryhaline gammarids. The intracellular chloride concentration is roughly proportional to the blood chloride concentration. The intracellular sodium concentration is regulated in the face of large changes in the blood sodium concentration.

Salt and Water Balance of the Spiny Lobster, Panulirus Argus: The Role of the Antennal Glands

1977 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-230
Author(s):  
D. F. MALLEY
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Spiny Lobster ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Panulirus Argus ◽  
Antennal Glands ◽  
Salt And Water Balance

1. Panulirus argus in full sea water differs from most other marine isosmotic decapods by regulating Cl− levels in the haemolymph slightly below those in sea water and by having haemolymph K+ levels similar to those in sea water. The species is typical in regulating haemolymph Na+ and Ca2+ above, and Mg2+ and SO42- below, sea-water levels of these ions. Its haemolymph Mg2+ and SO42- concentrations are amongst the lowest reported in marine decapods. 2. The antennal glands contribute to this regulation of Mg2+ SO42- and Cl− by producing urine with markedly, and approximately equally, elevated Mg2+ and SO42- levels, and slightly elevated Cl− levels, compared with those in the haemolymph. The antennal glands show a small tendency to conserve water. Note: Freshwater Institute, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N6.

Studies on the Physiology of Ascaris Lumbricoides

1952 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
A. D. HOBSON ◽  
W. STEPHENSON ◽  
L. C. BEADLE
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intestinal Fluid ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Saline Medium

1. The total osmotic pressure, electrical conductivity and chloride concentration of the body fluid of Ascaris lumbricoides and of the intestinal contents of the pig have been measured. 2. The results obtained agree with the observations of previous workers that Ascaris normally lives in a hypertonic medium and that it swells or shrinks in saline media which are too dilute or too concentrated. 3. Experiments comparing the behaviour of normal and ligatured animals show that both the body wall and the wall of the alimentary canal are surfaces through which water can pass. 4. 30% sea water has been used as a balanced saline medium for keeping the worms alive in the laboratory. This concentration was selected as being the one in which there was least change in the body weight of the animals exposed to it. 5. The osmotic pressure of the body fluid of worms kept in 30% sea water is approximately the same as in animals taken directly from the pig's intestine. The body fluid of fresh worms is hypertonic to 30% sea water and hypotonic to the intestinal fluid. In 30% sea water the normal osmotic gradient across the body wall is therefore reversed. 6. In 30% sea water the total ionic concentration (as measured by the conductivity) decreases slightly, but the chloride concentration increases by about 50%, although still remaining much below that of the external medium. 7. Experiments in which the animals were allowed to come into equilibrium with various concentrations of sea water from 20 to 40% show that there are corresponding changes in the osmotic pressure of the body fluid which is, however, always slightly above that of the saline medium. The conductivity also changes in a similar manner but is always less than that of the medium, and the difference between the two becomes progressively greater the more concentrated the medium. 8. The chloride concentration of the body fluid varies with but is always below that of the external medium, whether this is intestinal fluid or one of the saline media. In the latter the difference between the internal and external chloride concentrations is least in 20% sea water and becomes progressively greater as the concentration of the medium is increased. 9. Experiments with ligatured worms and with eviscerated cylinders of the body wall show that these share the capacity of the normal worm to maintain the chloride concentration of the body fluid below that of the environment. This power is not possessed by cylinders composed of the cuticle alone. 10. If the worms which have had their internal chloride concentration raised by exposure to 30% sea water are transferred to a medium composed of equal volumes of 30% sea water and isotonic sodium nitrate solution, the chloride concentration of the body fluid is reduced to a value below that of the external medium. This phenomenon is also displayed by worms ligatured after removal from the 30% sea water and, to an even more marked degree, by eviscerated cylinders of the body wall. 11. It is concluded that Ascaris is able to maintain the chloride concentration of the body fluid below that of the external medium by an process of chloride excretion against a concentration gradient, and that this mechanism is resident in the body wall, the cuticle being freely permeable to chloride.

Studies on Salt and Water Balance in Myxine Glutinosa (L.)

1965 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-371
Author(s):  
R. MORRIS
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Freezing Point Depression ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
After Effects ◽  
Monovalent Ions ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Salt And Water Balance

1. Measurements of freezing-point depression and chemical analysis have been made of the plasma and urine of Myxine. 2. The plasma is generally slightly hypertonic to sea water whilst the urine tends to be slightly hypotonic to the blood. 3. The urinary output is low (5·4±1·6 ml./kg./day) and the majority of animals do not swallow sea water. 4. Analyses of plasma and urine indicate that the kidney participates in ionic regulation by reducing the concentrations of calcium, magnesium and sulphate in the plasma relative to sea water. Chloride seems to be conserved whilst potassium may be conserved or excreted. The high concentration of magnesium in the plasma of animals kept in static sea water may be caused by the after effects of urethane. These animals continue to excrete magnesium at normal rates. 5. The rates at which calcium, magnesium and sulphate enter an animal which does not swallow sea water are proportional to the diffusion gradients which exist between the external medium and the plasma. The situation is more complicated for monovalent ions, but there is no evidence of specialized ion-transporting cells within the gill epithelium. 6. In those animals which swallow sea water the amounts of ions absorbed from the gut are very large compared with the renal output and it would therefore seem unlikely that swallowing is part of the normal mechanism of salt and water balance. 7. It is argued that the mechanism of salt and water balance in Myxine is likely to be primitive and that the vertebrate glomerulus was probably developed originally in sea water as an ion-regulating device.

Aldosterone effects on water and electrolyte metabolism

1984 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Kenyon ◽  
N. A. Saccoccio ◽  
D. J. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Free Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Transient Effects ◽  
Water Metabolism ◽  
Free Water Clearance

ABSTRACT The effects of constant infusions of small doses of adrenal steroid hormones on sodium, potassium and water metabolism were studied in male adrenalectomized rats. An infusion of 1 μg aldosterone/day was sufficient to restore normal sodium and potassium balance in a group of rats fed an unsupplemented diet. Log doses of aldosterone (0·1–10 μg/day for 4 days) administered some days after adrenalectomy caused linear increases in the body weight of rats fed a sodium-supplemented diet (0·05 m-NaCl as drinking fluid) during 4 days of treatment. Increases in body weight correlated with renal sodium and water balance. When steroid treatment was started at the time of adrenalectomy, sodium balance was not significantly affected although rats treated with 1 μg aldosterone/day ate more, drank less saline, produced a smaller volume of urine of greater osmolarity and gained more weight than controls. A dose of 100 μg 18-hydroxy-deoxycorticosterone/day had no significant effects. Fluid intake and urine volume were not significantly affected by 1 mg corticosterone/day but food intake, water balance and weight gain were greater than controls. Rats treated with both aldosterone and corticosterone showed a decrease in free water clearance. Aldosterone and corticosterone, both singly and in combination, reduced plasma potassium levels. Plasma sodium levels were only increased when aldosterone was administered on its own. Long-term steroid infusions have revealed more about the physiology of aldosterone action than could acute measurements of renal function. In particular, they have indicated that dietary intake of electrolytes as well as excretion are affected, that mineralocorticoid actions are distinct from glucocorticoid actions and that there are transient effects of aldosterone on fluid regulation which are not sustained under steady-state conditions. J. Endocr. (1984) 100,93–100

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