Studies on the Chemical Composition of Muscle Tissue

1960 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 879-888
Author(s):  
JAMES D. ROBERTSON
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Osmotic Concentration ◽  
Trichloracetic Acid ◽  
Bicarbonate Ions ◽  
Phosphate Ions ◽  
Muscle Concentration ◽  
Calcium Magnesium

1. Methods of analysis of muscle are discussed, particularly in regard to ashing and extraction procedures for inorganic ions and the determination of chloride. 2. Simultaneous analyses have been made of blood and muscle for the following ions: Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, SO4, inorganic and total trichloracetic acid soluble P (inorganic and organic phosphates). 3. In Myxine muscle the ions analysed make up 39-47% (average 42%) of the total osmotic concentration, assuming it to be that of the blood-serum: 491 mg. ions/kg. water content compared with 1181 mg. ions/kg. water in the serum. The latter is practically isosmotic with the surrounding sea water of 1208 mg. ions. Potassium and phosphate are the only ions higher in concentration in the muscle than in the serum, but the muscle concentration of sodium exceeds that of potassium. Low calcium concentrations of 1.8-2.2 mg. ions/kg. water in the muscle and 5.5-7.1 mg. ions in the blood serum, compared with 11.1 mg. ions in the sea water, are correlated with the absence of a calcified skeleton. 4. Muscle ions in Muraena come to 308 mg. ions/kg. water content, about 72% of the osmotic concentration of the plasma; the latter is about one-third that of the surrounding sea water. Potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphate ions in muscle exceed their respective concentrations in the plasma, while the remaining sodium, chloride and sulphate ions are below the plasma values. 5. Cation-anion balance of the analysed constituents of Myxine muscle is satisfactory, but there is a considerable anion deficit in Muraena muscle, probably made up in part by lactate and bicarbonate ions.

The causes of buoyancy in eggs of marine teleosts

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. A. Craik ◽  
S. M. Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Demersal Eggs ◽  
Pelagic Eggs

Pelagic eggs and demersal eggs of teleosts both have osmotic concentrations similar to that of the maternal body fluids, less than half that of sea water. Pelagic eggs are buoyant because they contain such large quantities of this dilute aqueous fluid. While the demersal eggs of teleosts usually have a water content of 60–70%, the buoyant pelagic eggs of marine teleosts such as whiting, Norway pout, saithe, cod, haddock, turbot, dab, plaice, witch, long rough dab, halibut and sole typically have a very high water content (ca. 92 %) and a lipid content of 10–17% of egg dry weight. About 90% of the buoyancy of such eggs in sea water is caused by their high aqueous content, only about 10% being caused by lipid. The buoyant eggs of grenadier and ling have large oil globules and higher lipid contents, 27 and 35 % of dry weight respectively. Nevertheless, most of their buoyancy is provided by their high aqueous contents (89 and 81 % water). The high water content of pelagic eggs is brought about by a massive influx of water into the oocytes during meiotic maturation (ripening) after vitellogenesis but before ovulation. In cod and plaice, ripening is accompanied by a four- to five-fold increase in both water content and free amino-acids, and by a large influx of both potassium and sodium. In cod, free amino-acids contribute much more than these inorganic ions to the water influx and to the total osmotic concentration of the mature egg, but in plaice the relative contribution of inorganic ions approaches that of the free amino-acids.

Effect of ambient salinity on ionic and osmotic regulation of eggs, larvae, and alevins of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Y. Shen ◽  
J. F. Leatherland
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Osmotic Concentration ◽  
Perivitelline Fluid ◽  
Early Developmental

The osmotic concentration of the perivitelline fluid in eggs of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was lower in eggs maintained in distilled water than in eggs maintained in dilute artificial sea water (11‰ and 13‰). The water content of eggs, larvae, and alevins in distilled water was significantly higher than in comparable developmental stages in dilute sea water. Similarly, differences were found in the tissue Na+, K+, and Na+:K+ ratios of eggs, larvae, and alevins reared in the different ambient salinities. These data suggest that the early developmental stages of rainbow trout possess a limited capacity for osmotic or ionic regulation. Larvae appear to regulate tissue Na+ content by increasing the Na+ concentration of the perivitelline space and alevins tolerate an increase in tissue K+ content and a small decrease in tissue water content.

scholarly journals Ion Concentration and Activity in the Haemolymph of Aedes Aegypti Larvae

1982 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.A. EDWARDS
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Salinity Range ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Osmotic Concentration

The ionic composition of the haemolymph was measured in fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti (reared in 0.30% sea water, the animals' natural salinity range). Inorganic ions and free amino acids form a substantial part of the haemolymph osmotic concentration. With increasing external osmotic pressure, there is an increase in the concentration of the amino acids, not the major inorganic cations. Measurements with ion-selective electrodes indicate that the activities of sodium, potassium and chloride can vary independently of their total concentration. The osmotic contribution of these inorganic ions is therefore not necessarily determined by their total concentration.

The effect of external salinity on drinking rate and rectal secretion in the larvae of the saline-water mosquito Aedes taeniorhynchus

1977 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-110
Author(s):  
T. J. Bradley ◽  
J. E. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Fluid Secretion ◽  
Osmotic Concentration ◽  
Drinking Rate ◽  
Aedes Taeniorhynchus ◽  
External Salinity ◽  
Kinetics Of

1. The drinking rate of the saline-water mosquito larva Aedes taeniorhyncus (100 nl.mg-1.h-1) is unaffected by the salinity of the external medium, but is directly proportional to the surface area of the animal. 2. Haemolymph Na+, Mg2+, K+, Cl-, SO42- and osmotic concentrations were measured in larvae adapted to 10%, 100% and 200% seawater and were found to be regulated within a narrow range. 3. With the exception of potassium, ionic concentrations in rectal secretion were found to increase with increasing concentrations of the sea water in which larvae were reared. 4. The osmotic concentration of rectal secretion was unaffected by changes in haemolymph osmotic concentration but did rise when sodium or chloride concentrations of the haemolymph were increased. High levels of these ions also stimulated the rate of fluid secretion. 5. Transport of chloride and sodium by the rectum exhibits the kinetics of allosteric rather than classical enzymes.

scholarly journals Extracellular accumulation of proline, serine and trehalose in the haemolymph of osmoconforming brackish-water mosquitoes

1987 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Garrett ◽  
T. J. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Culex Tarsalis ◽  
Osmotic Concentration

Larvae of Culex tarsalis, a mosquito, are capable of surviving and developing in dilutions of sea water ranging from 0 mosmol l-1 to 700 mosmol l-1. In waters more dilute than 400 mosmol l-1, the larvae osmoregulate, whereas in those more concentrated than 400 mosmol l-1, the osmotic strength of the haemolymph parallels that of the medium, i.e. the larvae osmoconform. Over the full range of external concentrations tested, the larvae regulate the levels of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Cl- in the haemolymph. Analyses of haemolymph samples from larvae adapted to media of 50 mosmol l-1 or 600 mosmol l-1 indicate that the increase in haemolymph osmotic concentration observed in media above 400 mosmol l-1 is due to the accumulation of organic compounds, particularly proline, serine and trehalose.

scholarly journals Design of Monitoring System for Salt Concentration in Milkfish Ponds using Android

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-46
Author(s):  
Nuzlya Ramadhana
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Temperature Sensors ◽  
Fish Mortality ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Ph Sensors

In the cultivation of milkfish, water quality is very concerned about in order to minimize fish mortality when cultivated. Several important factors in the cultivation of milkfish are the level of salt content in the water, temperature and pH. Currently, farmers monitor water quality manually by coming directly to see water quality. If there are dead fish, the cultivator will replace the new water. This will have an impact on fish production which will decrease. The milkfish pond uses brackish water for pond waters. The salt content is between the sea water content and the fresh water content. The grade level may change from season to season. This change is due to biological processes that occur in these waters as well as the interaction between pond waters and the surrounding environment. The results showed that the results of the design of the salt concentration monitoring system in the milkfish ponds that have been carried out using Arduino Uno, conductivity sensors, pH sensors, temperature sensors, wifi modules, Mi-Fi and Smartphones to access android applications. The results of testing the microcontroller functionality that have been made are in accordance with the design and are running well. The system designed to transmit information in the form of salinity values, pH sensors, temperature sensors and TDS values ??with sensor accuracy that is linear with measurement results using conventional measuring instruments with the highest error values ??of 1.3%, 2.06%, 0.702% and 1.5 respectively. %.

Kidney Function in the Crab-Eating Frog (Rana Cancrivora)

1962 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
KNUT SCHMIDT-NIELSEN ◽  
PING LEE
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Glomerular Filtration ◽  
Kidney Function ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Tubular Reabsorption ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Considerable Part ◽  
Osmotic Concentration ◽  
Full Strength

1. A study has been made of kidney function in the crab-eating frog, Rana cancrivora, of south-east Asia. 2. This frog can live in full-strength sea water; in such concentrated media its blood is slightly hypertonic to the medium, and a considerable part of the osmotic concentration is due to urea. 3. In concentrated media the excretion of urea is greatly diminished. This is not due to active tubular reabsorption of urea, but primarily to a low urine flow caused by increased tubular reabsorption of water and reduced glomerular filtration. 4. In concentrated media, as compared with dilute media, only a few percent of the filtered urea appears in the urine. 5. Osmoregulation of the crab-eating frog in sea water resembles that of elasmobranchs except in that there is no evidence of active tubular reabsorption of urea in the frog.

The Composition of the Seminal Plasma of Balanus Balanus

1962 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-352
Author(s):  
H. BARNES
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Seminal Plasma ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Protective Action ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Chemical Analyses

1. The results of some chemical analyses for inorganic and organic constituents of the seminal plasma of Balanus balanus are presented. 2. The inorganic ions show a cation deficit of 178 m-equiv./l., which is probably made up by free amino-acids. 3. Cystine is a prominent amino acid present. 4. Potassium and calcium are present in excess of their quantities in sea water. 5. Reducing sugars, compared with the amount found in sea-urchin spermatozoa, are found in moderate quantities, 1 mg./ml. 6. Phosphorus of all kinds is present in only small quantities (total of o.14 mg./ml.). 7. Some phosphatases are present. 8. There are 21 /µg./ml. of ascorbic acid; the function of this is discussed in relation to its possible contribution to the protective action against the poisoning of -SH groups by thiol-reactive agents.

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