scholarly journals Respiratory Reflexes in the Dogfish

1959 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. SATCHELL
Keyword(s):  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tetanic Stimulation ◽  
Branchial Nerve ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Respiratory Reflexes ◽  
Normal Respiration ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. Inflation of the pharynx of a dogfish causes an inhibition of respiration manifested as a reduction in rate and amplitude. 2. Tetanic stimulation of the central end of a cut branchial nerve also inhibits respiration. 3. These inhibitory responses differ in their greater regularity and duration from the transient inhibition arising from stimulation elsewhere in the body. 4. Both normal respiration and inflation cause the discharge of receptors whose impulses pass up the vagus nerve. The pattern of firing of these receptors during an inflation corresponds to the pattern, of inhibition. 5. Brief inflations are more effective in securing inhibition if they arrive at a time when the receptors are not being caused to fire by a normal inspiration. 6. Cutting the branchial branches of the IXth and Xth nerves eliminates the pause between successive respirations and increases the respiratory rate. 7. These pauses can be made to reappear by periodically stimulating the central end of a cut branchial nerve. 8. Section of the brain between the medulla and the mesencephalon increases the sensitivity to inflation. 9. Inhibitory afferents run in all branchial branches of the IXth and Xth nerves and in the pre-spiracular branch of the VIIth nerve. 10. It is suggested that in its response to vagotomy the dogfish resembles a medullary mammal.

scholarly journals Selective stimulation of the ferret abdominal vagus nerve with multi-contact nerve cuff electrodes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan A. Shulgach ◽  
Dylan W. Beam ◽  
Ameya C. Nanivadekar ◽  
Derek M. Miller ◽  
Stephanie Fulton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
The Body ◽  
Evoked Responses ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Selective Stimulation ◽  
Nerve Cuff ◽  
Cuff Electrodes ◽  
Nerve Cuff Electrodes ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractDysfunction and diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are a major driver of medical care. The vagus nerve innervates and controls multiple organs of the GI tract and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) could provide a means for affecting GI function and treating disease. However, the vagus nerve also innervates many other organs throughout the body, and off-target effects of VNS could cause major side effects such as changes in blood pressure. In this study, we aimed to achieve selective stimulation of populations of vagal afferents using a multi-contact cuff electrode wrapped around the abdominal trunks of the vagus nerve. Four-contact nerve cuff electrodes were implanted around the dorsal (N = 3) or ventral (N = 3) abdominal vagus nerve in six ferrets, and the response to stimulation was measured via a 32-channel microelectrode array (MEA) inserted into the left or right nodose ganglion. Selectivity was characterized by the ability to evoke responses in MEA channels through one bipolar pair of cuff contacts but not through the other bipolar pair. We demonstrated that it was possible to selectively activate subpopulations of vagal neurons using abdominal VNS. Additionally, we quantified the conduction velocity of evoked responses to determine what types of nerve fibers (i.e., Aδ vs. C) responded to stimulation. We also quantified the spatial organization of evoked responses in the nodose MEA to determine if there is somatotopic organization of the neurons in that ganglion. Finally, we demonstrated in a separate set of three ferrets that stimulation of the abdominal vagus via a four-contact cuff could selectively alter gastric myoelectric activity, suggesting that abdominal VNS can potentially be used to control GI function.

scholarly journals Muscular Movements in Man, and their Evolution in the Infant: a Study of Movement in Man, and its Evolution, together with Inferences as to the Properties of Nerve-Centres and their Modes of Action in expressing Thought

1889 ◽  
Vol 35 (149) ◽  
pp. 23-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Warner
Keyword(s):  
Brain Area ◽  
Muscular Contraction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Modes Of Action ◽  
Central Nerve System ◽  
Nerve System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Compound Series ◽  
Stimulation Of

(1) Movement in mau has long been a subject of profitable study. Visible movement in the body is produced by muscular contraction following upon stimulation of the muscles by efferent currents passing from the central nerve-system. Modern physiological experiments have demonstrated that when a special brain-area discharges nerve-currents, these are followed by certain visible movements or contraction of certain muscles corresponding. So exact are such reactions, as obtained by experiment upon the brain-areas, that movements similar to those produced by experimental excitation of a certain brain-area may be taken as evidence of action in that area, or as commencing in discharge from that area (see Reinforcement of Movements, 35; Compound Series of Movements, 34).

Memoirs: The Neuro-Muscular Mechanism of the Gill of Pecten

1930 ◽  
Vol s2-73 (291) ◽  
pp. 365-392
Author(s):  
S. B. SETNA
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Adductor Muscle ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Lateral Extent ◽  
Branchial Nerve ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Stimulation Of

Experimental. 1. The contraction of the adductor-muscle which follows stimulation of the palial nerve is preceded by a marked contraction of the ctenidial axis, so that the gill contracts before the adductor-muscle becomes active. This movement of the ctenidium is abolished if the main branchial nerve is cut near its origin. 2. The gills of Pecten possess a neuromuscular mechanism which is to some extent independent of the rest of the body, so that excised gills when stimulated react in the same way as an attached gill. 3. The lamellae of the gill possess two distinct types of movement. (a) When the surface of the gill is stimulated by contact with a glass rod or by carmine particles, the frontal surfaces of the two lamellae approach each other; the movement very often being executed by the lamella which is not actually being stimulated. The lateral extent of these movements (concertina movements) is roughly proportional to the intensity of the stimulus. Such movements normally appear to transfer the bulk of the material on to the mantle. Separation of the main branchial nerve abolishes these movements. (b) Each principal filament is capable of moving the ordinary filaments to which it is attached. This movement (flapping movement) is due to the movements of the interfilamentar junctions which alternatively move up and down at right angles to their length. This motion is independent of the branchial nerve and can be produced by direct stimulation of very tiny pieces of the individual filaments. 4. The significance of gill movements to feeding habits is discussed. The course of food particles depends on the nature of the stimuli affecting the gill. Histological. 5. The ctenidial axis and the principal filaments have a stratum of anastomosing nerve-cells which appear to form a true nerve-net comparable to that of the mantle. 6. The gill receives nerve-fibres from two sources, the brain and the visceral ganglion. The subsidiary branchial nerve is a structure hitherto unknown in the molluscan gill; so far its function is unknown. Each gill has four main longitudinal nerve-trunks. 7. The osphradium of the gill has a much more extensive distribution than has hitherto been supposed. 8. Two sets of muscles exist at the base of the gill-filaments, and these are responsible for movements of the lamellae. The muscle-fibres are non-striated. 9. The principal filaments are connected to the ordinary filaments by processes containing true muscle-cells, and by these cells movements of the filaments are effected.

Regional induction of fos immunoreactivity in the brain by anticonvulsant stimulation of the vagus nerve

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean K. Naritoku ◽  
Wendy J. Terry ◽  
Robert H. Helfert
Keyword(s):  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

Epilepsy, Electroacupuncture and the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 164-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuf Ozgur Cakmak
Keyword(s):  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Vagal Afferents ◽  
Auricular Acupuncture ◽  
Acupuncture Points ◽  
Solitary Tract ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Afferent Pathways ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

Vagal nerve stimulation and electroacupuncture have some promise as neuroprotective therapies for patients with poorly controlled epilepsy. It has been demonstrated that stimulation of acupuncture points on the extremities results in stimulation of the vagus nerve. It is possible that the antiepileptic effects of these two applications might be targeting the same centre in the brain. The nucleus of the solitary tract, which is a primary site at which vagal afferents terminate, is also the site for afferent pathways of facial, scalp and auricular acupuncture via trigeminal, cervical spinal and glossopharyngeal nerves. Taken together with laboratory findings, the neuroprotective pathways of electroacupuncture in epileptic models may stem from the collaboration of its anti-inflammatory and neurotrophic actions through the nucleus of the solitary tract via vagus nerve stimulation.

scholarly journals Pathways of neuro-immune communication: past and present time, clinical application

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-418
Author(s):  
E. A. Korneva
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Sympathetic Nerves ◽  
The Body ◽  
Autonomic Nerves ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Pulsed Ultrasound ◽  
The Brain

Fundamental studies in neuroimmunophysiology are the keystone for development of new therapeutic approaches to the treatment of infectious, allergic, oncologic and autoimmune diseases. The achievements in this field allowed approving new treatment methods based on irritation of afferent and efferent fibers of autonomic nerves. That became possible due to numerous studies of pathways between the immune and nervous systems performed over last two decades. The milestones in the history of neuroimmune communication research are represented here. The immune system organs – bone marrow, thymus and spleen are coupled to central nervous system (CNS) via sympathetic nerves. Information about LPS and bacteria emergence in peritoneum, intestine and parenchymal organs reaches the brain via parasympathetic pathways. After vagotomy, the brain neurons do not respond to this kind of antigens. The pattern of brain responses to different applied antigens (the EEG changes and the quantity of c-Fos-positive neurons) is specific for definite antigen, like as algorithms of electroneurogram after exposure to different cytokines. Activation of parasympathetic nerves causes the inhibition of inflammation. The entry of any antigens into the body initiates production of cytokines (IL-1, TNFα, IL-6, IFNγ etc.), via specific receptors which are present on peripheral neurons and terminals of vagus nerve, i.e. the vagal afferent terminals and neurons respond to cytokine action, and these signals are transmitted to CNS neurons. The afferent vagal fibers end on the dorsal vagal complex neurons in the caudal part of medulla oblongata. The information about bacterial antigens, LPS and inflammation is transmitted to the brain via afferent autonomic neural pathways. The speed of this process is high and significantly depends on the rates of cytokine production that are transmitters of signals upon the antigen exposure. It is important to emphasize that this events occur within minutes, and the response to the received information proceeds by reflex mechanisms, i.e., within fraction of a second, as exemplified by inflammation (“inflammation reflex”). This is a fundamentally new and revolutionary discovery in the functional studies of immune system regulation. Clinical efficiency of n. vagus stimulation by pulsed ultrasound was shown, being used for the treatment of inflammatory, allergic and autoimmune diseases, e.g., multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, renal inflammatory diseases. Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve reduces the death of animals in septic shock by 80%. The mentioned data have made a revolution in understanding the functional arrangement of immune system in the body. A hypothesis is represented, which suggests how the information on the antigen exposure is transmitted to the brain.

Vertical banding evoked by electrical stimulation of the brain in anaesthetized green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus, and bluegills, Lepomis macrochirus

1980 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-160
Author(s):  
D. H. Bauer ◽  
L. S. Demski
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Transition Zone ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Optic Tract ◽  
Colour Change ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lepomis Cyanellus ◽  
Green Sunfish ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

A pattern of dark vertical bands is a characteristic agonistic display in the green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus and the bluegill, L. macrochirus. The rapidity with which the display can appear and disappear indicates that it is neurally controlled. Electrical stimulation of the brain was carried out in anaesthetized green sunfish and bluegills to map those regions from which this colour change can be elicited. Banding was evoked by stimulation of sites near the midline in the preoptic area, ventral thalamic-dorsal hypothalmic transition zone, the midbrain tegmentum (just dorsal to the nucleus prerotundus pars medialis), in and near the torus semicricularis, in the basal midbrain (region of the crossing tectobulbar tracts), and in the rostral basomedial medulla. A ‘transition’ zone was located basally in the middle medulla, caudal to which only paling was evoked. Areas found to be negative for evoked banding included the telencephalic lobe, the inferior lobe of the hypothalamus, the optic tract, the optic tectum, the body and valvula of the cerebellum and the caudal medulla. It is postulated that the vertical banding pattern is made up of a separate, selectively controlled system of dermal melanophores. The possible neural mechanisms controlling banding are discussed.

scholarly journals THE FUNCTION OF THE BRAIN IN LOCOMOTION OF THE POLYCLAD WORM, YUNGIA AURANTIACA

1923 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Stimulation ◽  
Sensory Stimulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Anterior Region ◽  
Spontaneous Movement ◽  
Peripheral Stimulation ◽  
Motor Nerves ◽  
Low Threshold ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

Coordinated swimming movements in Yungia are not dependent upon the presence of the brain. The neuromuscular mechanism necessary for spontaneous movement and swimming is complete in the body of the animal apart from the brain. Normally this mechanism is set in motion by sensory stimulation arriving by way of the brain. The latter is a region of low threshold and acts as an amplifier by sending the impulses into a great number of channels. When the head is cut off these connections with the sensorium are broken, consequently peripheral stimulation does not have its usual effect. If, however, the motor nerves are stimulated directly as by mechanical stimulation of the median anterior region, then swimming movements result. Also if the threshold of the entire nervous mechanism is lowered by phenol or by an increase in the ion ratios See PDF for Equation and See PDF for Equation then again peripheral stimulation throws the neuromuscular mechanism into activity and swimming movements result.

Activity evoked in the brain stem by stimulation of C fibres in the cervical vagus nerve of the dog

1973 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 436-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.F. Fussey ◽  
C. Kidd ◽  
J.G. Whitwam
Keyword(s):  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of
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