The Osmotic and Ionic Regulation of Artemia Salina (L.)

1958 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. CROGHAN
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Rapid Fall ◽  
Water Media ◽  
Potassium Magnesium

1. It has been possible to adapt Artemia to sea-water media varying from 0.26% NaCl to crystallizing brine. In fresh water or distilled water survival is relatively short. 2. The osmotic pressure of the haemolymph is relatively independent of the medium and increases only slightly as the medium is made more concentrated. In the more concentrated media the haemolymph is very markedly hypotonic. In media more dilute than 25% sea water the haemolymph is hypertonic. In distilled water there is a rapid fall of haemolymph concentration. The haemolymph of nauplii from sea water is hypotonic. 3. The sodium, potassium, magnesium, and chloride concentrations of the haemolymph have been determined. The bulk of the haemolymph osmotic pressure is accounted for by sodium and chloride ions. The ionic ratios of the haemolymph are relatively constant, and very different from those of the medium. 4. The concentrations of ions in the whole animal have been studied. The chloride space is extremely high. Such changes in haemolymph osmotic pressure that do occur as the medium concentration is varied are due more to net movements of NaCl into or out of the body than to water movements. 5. Evidence is collected to show that an appreciable degree of permeability exists. Most of this permeability is localized to the gut epithelium, the external surface being much less permeable. 6. It is clear that Artemia must possess mechanisms that can actively excrete NaCl and take up water in hypertonic media. It has been demonstrated that Anemia can lower the haemolymph osmotic pressure by excreting NaCl from the haemolymph against the concentration gradient.

Osmoregulation in the Larva of the Marine Caddis Fly, Philanisus Plebeius (Walk.) (Trichoptera)

1972 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 821-838
Author(s):  
JOHN P. LEADER
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Electrical Potential Difference ◽  
Caddis Fly

1. The larva of Philanisus plebeius is capable of surviving for at least 10 days in external salt concentrations from 90 mM/l sodium chloride (about 15 % sea water) to 900 mM/l sodium chloride (about 150 % sea water). 2. Over this range the osmotic pressure and the sodium and chloride ion concentrations of the haemolymph are strongly regulated. The osmotic pressure of the midgut fluid and rectal fluid is also strongly regulated. 3. The body surface of the larva is highly permeable to water and sodium ions. 4. In sea water the larva is exposed to a large osmotic flow of water outwards across the body surface. This loss is replaced by drinking the medium. 5. The rectal fluid of larvae in sea water, although hyperosmotic to the haemolymph, is hypo-osmotic to the medium, making it necessary to postulate an extra-renal site of salt excretion. 6. Measurements of electrical potential difference across the body wall of the larva suggest that in sea water this tissue actively transports sodium and chloride ions out of the body.

Infra-red spectra of muscle

1952 ◽  
Vol 139 (897) ◽  
pp. 526-527 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fluid Distribution ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
The Third

Three rations, 350 ml. distilled water, 250 ml. distilled water plus 96·5 g carbohydrate, and 350 ml. distilled water plus 150 ml. sea water, were given daily for 3-day periods to six subjects receiving no other food or drink. The experiment was fully ‘crossed-over' and was carried out in a constant environment. On the carbohydrate ration the water balance over the third day of exposure was about 200 ml. better than on the ration consisting of water only, and the rise in the total osmotic pressure of the body was smaller. The improvement in water balance was the result of a reduction in urine volume, which was in turn due to the effects of carbohydrate upon meta­bolism. These effects were (1) the sparing of body protein, (2) the prevention of ketosis and (3) a reduction of the basal metabolic rate. It is suggested that all three may have been brought about by a common mechanism. On the sea-water ration the water balance for the third day was improved by 80 to 150 ml., but the rise in the osmotic pressure of the body was greater than when distilled water alone was given. These effects were due to the retention of most of the water of the sea water, together with the salt which it contained. It is suggested that the effects of sea-water drinking on body tonicity and fluid distribution are deleterious, and that the gain of water observed on the third day would eventually have been replaced by a loss.

scholarly journals Regulation of the Haemolymph in the Saline Water Mosquito Larva Aedes Detritus Edw

1939 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 346-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. BEADLE
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Aedes Detritus ◽  
Salt Exchange ◽  
Water Species

1. The larvae of the mosquito Aedes detritus have been reported only from definitely saline waters. They have been found in water of salinity equivalent to c 10 % NaCl. 2. In the laboratory they were acclimatized with ease to distilled water, sea water (7 % Nacl), 3.5 % NaCl, and glycerol (3.5 % NaCl). They also show considerable resistance to N/20 NaOH, but less to N/20 KOH and N/50 HCl. They are unable to live permanently in solutions of the chlorides of potassium, calcium and magnesium of osmotic pressure equivalent to 3.5 % NaCl. 3. In sea water of varying salinity they can regulate both the total osmotic pressure and chloride content of the haemolymph. A rise from nil to 6.0 % NaCl in the osmotic pressure of the medium is reflected in an increase of from c. 0.8 % to 1.4 % NaCl in that of the haemolymph. 4. In hypotonic solutions and distilled water much chloride is lost, but this is compensated by an increase in the non-chloride fraction. In hypertonic sea water the rise in osmotic pressure is due to increase in the chloride fraction, the non-chloride fraction remaining constant. 5. From this and from experiments with non-electrolytes it is concluded that the larva is permeable to salts and to molecules as large as glycerol, and that the regulatory mechanism in hypertonic saline is concerned with compensation rather for penetration of salts than for loss of water by osmosis. 6. Ligature experiments suggest that this mechanism is the excretion of salt by the Malpighian tubes, but further proof is required. 7. Salt exchange with the environment takes place via the gut, the body surface being impermeable to salts and water. 8. The larvae are able to concentrate chloride from hypotonic solutions but not as effectively as fresh-water species and only when the chloride content of the medium is a little below that of the haemolymph. 9. The anal gills, as in all salt-water species, are very small and appear to be impermeable to salts and water. It is therefore concluded that they are not the seat of the chloride-absorbing mechanism. 10. The osmotic pressure of the haemolymph is trebled by treatment with glycerol (3.5 % NaCl), which must be mainly the result of penetration of glycerol. The larva will however live normally in this, and an important factor in the resistance to abnormal media is therefore the adaptability of the tissues to changes in the concentration and composition of the haemolymph. 11. The increase in the osmotic pressure of the haemolymph induced by hypertonic sea water and glycerol does not alter the amount of fluid in the tracheoles. This is discussed in relation to the possible mechanism for the absorption of the tracheole fluid.

Osmotic and Ionic Regulation in the Isopod Crustacean Ligia Oceanica

1953 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-574
Author(s):  
G. PARRY
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Freezing Point Depression ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Subsequent Decrease

1. Osmotic pressure of the blood of Ligia oceanica, measured by the freezing-point depression, has a mean value of δ 2.15 ± 0.04° C. (≡3.58% NaCl on weight/ volume basis). 2. Osmotic pressure of Ligia blood is much higher than that of other terrestrial isopods: Oniscus sp. δ1.04° C.; Armadillidium sp. δ1.18° C.;Porcellio sp. δ1.30° C. or of the fresh-water Asellus sp. δ0.50° C. 3. The osmotic pressure of the blood increases during the process of moulting, but no subsequent decrease is observed in the 4 days following. 4. Animals kept at low humidities lose water. They may be desiccated without permanent adverse effects until δblood is 3.48° C. (≡ 5.8% NaCl). Recovery to a normal level takes about 24 hr. in moist conditions. 5. In well-aerated sea water between 50 and 100% concentration, animals survive without much alteration in δblood. Above and below this range δblood rises and falls. 6. In animals kept on filter-paper moistened with distilled water δblood may fall to 1.44° C. (≡2.4% NaCl) without permanent adverse effects. 7. Analyses of inorganic ions in the blood show that sodium, potassium and chloride are all higher in concentration than in sea water; calcium is much more concentrated; and magnesium and sulphate much reduced.

The effects of carbohydrate and sea water on the metabolism of men without food or sufficient water

1952 ◽  
Vol 139 (897) ◽  
pp. 527-545 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fluid Distribution ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
The Third

Three rations, 350 ml. distilled water, 250 ml. distilled water plus 96·5 g carbohydrate, and 350 ml. distilled water plus 150 ml. sea water, were given daily for 3-day periods to six subjects receiving no other food or drink. The experiment was fully ‘crossed-over' and was carried out in a constant environment. On the carbohydrate ration the water balance over the third day of exposure was about 200 ml. better than on the ration consisting of water only, and the rise in the total osmotic pressure of the body was smaller. The improvement in water balance was the result of a reduction in urine volume, which was in turn due to the effects of carbohydrate upon metabolism. These effects were (1) the sparing of body protein, (2) the prevention of ketosis and (3) a reduction of the basal metabolic rate. It is suggested that all three may have been brought about by a common mechanism. On the sea-water ration the water balance for the third day was improved by 80 to 150 ml., but the rise in the osmotic pressure of the body was greater than when distilled water alone was given. These effects were due to the retention of most of the water of the sea water, together with the salt which it contained. It is suggested that the effects of sea-water drinking on body tonicity and fluid distribution are deleterious, and that the gain of water observed on the third day would eventually have been replaced by a loss.

The geochemistry of surface waters of the Western District of Victoria

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
GE Maddocks
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Salinity Range ◽  
Strontium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Ionic Ratios ◽  
Extreme Salinity ◽  
Inorganic Constituents ◽  
Dominant Cation ◽  
Total Salinity ◽  
Potassium Magnesium

Chemical data are presented for the concentrations of sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, chloride, bromide, sulphate, carbonate, boron, silicon, phosphorus, and nitrogen in some lakes and rivers of the Western District of Victoria. All these waters are of the chloride type and sodium is the dominant cation. Comparatively high pH values are common. Several ionic ratios have been calculated and these are used to illustrate relative enrichments or losses among the ions present during an overall increase in total salinity. Precipitation of dolomitic carbonate is indicated. The similarity of several ionic ratios to those of sea water is used to propose an oceanic origin for these inorganic constituents. Clay membrane mechanisms coupled with solar evaporation are suggested as an explanation for the extreme salinity range of samples.

scholarly journals Regulation of Water and Some Ions in Gammarids (Amphipoda)

1971 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-369
Author(s):  
D. W. SUTCLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Salinity Range ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Body Sodium ◽  
Total Body

1. A comparison was made of the body water contents and the concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride in the blood and body water of Gammarus zaddachi, G. locusta and Marinogammarus finmarchicus. 2. G. zaddachi had a slightly higher body water content than G. locusta and M. finmarchicus. 3. In all three species the blood chloride concentration was lower than the external chloride concentration in 80-113 % sea water, but the blood sodium concentration was equal to or slightly above the sodium concentration in the external medium. 4. The total body sodium concentration was always greater than the total body chloride concentration. In M.finmarchicus the ratio of body sodium/chloride increased from 1.2 to 1.3 over the salinity range 100-20% sea water. In G. zaddachi the ratio of body sodium/chloride increased from 1.08 at 100% sea water to 1.87 in 0.25 mM/l NaCl. 5. The total body potassium concentration remained constant. The potassium loss rate and the balance concentration were relatively high in G. zaddachi. 6. The porportion of body water in the blood space was calculated from the assumption that a Donnan equilibrium exists between chloride and potassium ions in the extracellular blood space and the intracellular space. In G. zaddachi the blood space was equivalent to 60% body H2O at 100% sea water, and equivalent to 50% body H2O at 40% sea water down to 0.5 mM/l NaCl. In M.finmarchicus the blood space was equivalent to 38-44% body H2O at salinities of 20-100% sea water. 7. The mean intracellular concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride were also calculated. It was concluded that for each ion its intracellular concentration is much the same in the four euryhaline gammarids. The intracellular chloride concentration is roughly proportional to the blood chloride concentration. The intracellular sodium concentration is regulated in the face of large changes in the blood sodium concentration.

scholarly journals Impurity Concentrations In Sea Ice

1977 ◽  
Vol 18 (78) ◽  
pp. 117-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.R. Addison
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Concentration Profiles ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
The Third ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Potassium Magnesium

Abstract Three different types of saline ice were cut into sections a few millimeters thick along planes parallel to the surface. The resulting melts were analyzed quantitatively for chloride, sulphate, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium. Two of the specimens were artificial sea ice, grown in the laboratory at ambient temperatures of —30°C and - 15°C, respectively. A portion of the latter exhibited a clear, glassy, fresh-ice structure. The third was natural sea ire. The resulting ion concentration profiles and ion ratios are presented. For sections of widely varying salinity, the various ion ratios assumed values fairly close to those in natural sea-water.

Regulation of Water and Some Ions in Gammarids (Amphipoda)

1971 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-355
Author(s):  
D. W. SUTCLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Intracellular Space ◽  
Body Sodium ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body

1. The water content, and the concentrations of sodium potassium and chloride in the blood and body water were determined in Gammarus pulex acclimatized to external salinities ranging from 0.06 mM/l NaCl up to 50 % sea water. 2. The mean body water content remained constant at 79.0-80.3 % body wet weight. The total body sodium and chloride concentrations were lowered in 0.06 mM/l NaCl and increased markedly at salinities above 10% sea water. The normal ratio of body sodium/chloride was 1.45-1.70, decreasing to 1.0 at 50% sea water. 3. The total body potassium concentration remained constant at 47.5-55.2 mM/kg body H2O. The rate of potassium loss across the body surface was relatively fast. Potassium balance was maintained at an external potassium concentration of 0.005 mM/l by starved animals, and at 0.005 mM/l by fed animals. 4. The proportion of body water in the blood space was calculated from the concentrations of potassium and chloride in the blood and in the body water. The blood space contained 38-42% body H2O in animals from fresh water. The blood space decreased to 31 % body H2O in animals from 0.06 mM/l NaCl. The sodium space was equivalent to about 70 % body H2O. 5. The mean intracellular concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride were estimated and the results were compared with previous analyses made on the tissues of G. pulex and other crustaceans. It was concluded that in G. pulex from fresh water the distribution of potassium and chloride ions between the extracellular blood space and the intracellular space approximately conforms to a Donnan equilibrium. 30-40% of the body sodium is apparently located in the intracellular space.

The Adaptation of Gunda Ulvae to Salinity

1931 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-94
Author(s):  
C. F. A. PANTIN
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Electric Conductivity ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Dilute Solution ◽  
Dilute Solutions ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Limiting Value

1. The rate of loss of salts by the estuarine worm, Gunda ulvae, on transference from sea water to various dilute solutions has been studied by measurement of the electric conductivity of the solutions. 2. Salts are lost by the worms from the moment of immersion in dilute solutions. Conditions affecting the rate of loss of salts are discussed. 3. The relation between the amount of salts lost and the total electrolyte content of the worm was determined. It is shown that the worms only lose 25 per cent. of their salts during the time that they imbibe a volume of water from the dilute solution equal to their initial volume. 4. The limiting internal salt concentration of worms surviving in waters containing calcium is about 6-10 per cent. of the normal concentration in sea water. No such limiting value can be found for distilled water, since salts are lost continuously till cytolysis occurs. The significance of the limiting concentration is discussed. 5. The effect of osmotic pressure, pH, dilute solutions of NaCl, NaHCO3, glycerol, CaCl2 and CaCO3 are studied. The presence of calcium reduces the rate of loss of salts. Other factors do not seem to influence this rate. 6. The relation of calcium to the maintenance of normal permeability to water and salts in the worm, and the significance of this to the problem of migration into fresh water are discussed.

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