Studies on the Feeding and Nutrition of Tuberolachnus Salignus (Gmelin) (Homoptera, Aphididae):

1957 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 334-341
Author(s):  
T. E. MITTLER
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Sieve Tube ◽  
Normal Rate ◽  
Phloem Sap ◽  
Food Canal ◽  
Tuberolachnus Salignus ◽  
Normal Feeding ◽  
Sieve Tubes ◽  
Considerable Pressure ◽  
Salix Spp

1. A study has been made of the factors involved in the uptake of phloem sap by Tuberolachnus salignus (Gmelin) feeding on the stems of various Salix spp. 2. A method has been developed for maintaining the parthenogenetic viviparous forms of T. salignus in culture throughout the year. 3. It has been established that during normal feeding T. salignus have the tips of their stylets inserted into the phloem sieve-tubes of the host plant. 4. The phloem sieve-tube sap of intact and turgid willow stems is under considerable pressure. This pressure forces the sieve-tube mp up the stylet food canal of feeding aphids, and also causes the sieve-tube sap to exude for many hours from the cut end of embedded stylet bundles. 5. Intact and feeding T. salignus rely almost entirely on this pressure to maintain their normal rate of eieve-tube sap uptake. The aphids must, however, swallow actively in order to ingest.

Studies on the Phloem Sealing Mechanism in Ricinus Fruit Stalks

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 561 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Kallarackal ◽  
JA Milburn
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Sieve Tube ◽  
Sieve Plate ◽  
Tube System ◽  
Phloem Sap ◽  
Starch Grains ◽  
P Protein ◽  
Sieve Tubes ◽  
Sealing Mechanism ◽  
Sieve Plates

Fruit stalks of R. communis were made to exude phloem sap by repeated slicing at intervals of a few minutes. Samples 1 mm thick from the fruit stalks were fixed for electron microscopy. Samples were also fixed and processed for electron microscopy from previously intact (non-exuding) fruit stalks. Examination of the sieve tubes from these two different samples showed predominantly open sieve-plate pores in the exuding fruit stalk. The sieve plates of the non-exuding fruit stalk showed occlusion of the sieve-plate pores by P-protein. The starch grains from the broken plastids also had characteristic distributions. The implications of these observations are discussed in relation to comprehending the mechanism by which sieve-plate pores become choked, and so sealing the sieve-tube system as a result of injury.

Studies on the Feeding and Nutrition of Tuberolachnus Salignus (Gmelin) (Homoptera, Aphididae)

1958 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-84
Author(s):  
T. E. MITTLER
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Sieve Tube ◽  
Seasonal Development ◽  
Tuberolachnus Salignus

1. The aim of this investigation has been to determine the sugar and nitrogen composition of the phloem sieve-tube sap ingested by Tuberolachnus salignus (Gmelin) feeding on Salix acutifolia stems, and to compare it with that of the honeydew excreted by the aphids. 2. A cage suitable for confining T. salignus on the willow stems is described. 3. Details are given of a technique, outlined by Kennedy & Mittler (1953) for collecting the fluid, termed stylet-sap, which exudes from the cut end of severed embedded stylet-bundles. 4. A method is described for collecting honeydew droplets immediately they are excreted by feeding T. salignus. 5. The nitrogenous matter ingested by T. salignus is in the form of free amino-acids and amides. The same amino-acids and amides are ingested but in greater amounts than they are excreted. 6. The number and concentration of the amino-acids and amides in stylet-sap and honeydew fluctuate with the seasonal development of the host plant. 7. The honeydew contains sucrose, fructose, glucose and melezitose. These sugars are derived from sucrose, the only sugar normally ingested. 8. The evidence for the identity of stylet-sap with the unchanged sieve-tube sap of the host plant is discussed.

Proteins in the sieve element-companion cell complexes: their detection, localization and possible functions

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroaki Hayashi ◽  
Akari Fukuda ◽  
Nobuo Suzui ◽  
Shu Fujimaki
Keyword(s):  
Sieve Tube ◽  
Soluble Proteins ◽  
Sieve Element ◽  
Tissue Extract ◽  
Companion Cell ◽  
Phloem Sap ◽  
Sieve Elements ◽  
Cell Complexes ◽  
Companion Cells ◽  
Sieve Tubes

Many kinds of proteins have been found in the sieve element–companion cell complexes by the analyses of phloem sap and microscopic observations. The cDNAs, which encode some of these sieve-tube proteins, have already been cloned. As mature sieve elements lack nuclei and most ribosomes, sieve-tube proteins have been hypothesized to be synthesized in the companion cells and then transported to the lumina of the functional sieve tubes through the plasmodesmata connecting the companion cells and sieve elements. Soluble proteins present in the sieve tubes can be collected by several techniques, such as incision or the aphid technique. The composition of the proteins in the phloem sap is unique compared with that of tissue extract, suggesting these proteins have important roles for the development and functions of sieve tubes.

scholarly journals Evaluation of dsRNA delivery methods for targeting macrophage migration inhibitory factor MIF in RNAi-based aphid control

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaoshuai Liu ◽  
Maria Jose Ladera-Carmona ◽  
Minna M. Poranen ◽  
Aart J. E. van Bel ◽  
Karl-Heinz Kogel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Sieve Tube ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Macrophage Migration ◽  
Delivery Methods ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Aphid Control ◽  
Barley Leaves ◽  
Sieve Tubes

AbstractMacrophage migration inhibitory factors (MIFs) are multifunctional proteins regulating major processes in mammals, including activation of innate immune responses. In invertebrates, MIF proteins participate in the modulation of host immune responses when secreted by parasitic organisms, such as aphids. In this study, we assessed the possibility to use MIF genes as targets for RNA interference (RNAi)-based control of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae (Sa) on barley (Hordeum vulgare). When nymphs were fed on artificial diet containing double-stranded (ds)RNAs (SaMIF-dsRNAs) that target sequences of the three MIF genes SaMIF1, SaMIF2 and SaMIF3, they showed higher mortality rates and these rates correlated with reduced MIF transcript levels as compared to the aphids feeding on artificial diet containing a control dsRNA (GFP-dsRNA). Comparison of different feeding strategies showed that nymphs’ survival was not altered when they fed from barley seedlings sprayed with naked SaMIF-dsRNAs, suggesting they did not effectively take up dsRNA from the sieve tubes of these plants. Furthermore, aphids’ survival was also not affected when the nymphs fed on leaves supplied with dsRNA via basal cut ends of barley leaves. Consistent with this finding, the use of sieve tube-specific YFP-labeled Arabidopsis reporter lines confirmed that fluorescent 21 nt dsRNACy3, when supplied via petioles or spraying, co-localized with xylem structures, but not with phloem tissue. Our results suggest that MIF genes are a potential target for insect control and also imply that application of naked dsRNA to plants for aphid control is inefficient. More efforts should be put into the development of effective dsRNA formulations.

WITHIN–TREE VARIATION IN PHLOEM CELL DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS IN EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS

IAWA Journal ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Quilhó ◽  
Helena Pereira ◽  
Hans Georg Richter
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Sieve Tube ◽  
Bark Thickness ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Fibre Width ◽  
Axial Variation ◽  
Sieve Tubes ◽  
Old Trees

The axial variation of bark thickness and quantitative anatomical features of Eucalyptus globulus bark were analysed for one site based on individual measurements of ten 15-year-old trees at six height levels (DBH, 5%, 15%, 35%, 55% and 75% of total tree height). The parameters studied were: length, tangential diameter and percentage of sieve tubes; length, width, cell wall thickness and percentage of fibres; height and percentage of rays; percentage of sclereids in the secondary phloem. Bark thickness decreases from base to top of the tree. Fibre width and wall thickness decrease from base upwards. No distinct axial patterns of variation were observed for the other biometric variables studied. Parenchyma is the main cell type of the bark (50%) followed by fibres (27.9%), rays (12.1%), sieve tubes (2.7%), and sclereids (7.3%). The cell type proportions vary significantly within the tree, i.e., parenchyma, ray and sclereid proportions decrease, fibre and sieve tube proportions increase towards the top of the tree.

scholarly journals Development of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius,1889) biotype B on Lycopersicon spp. genotypes

2002 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 665-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fancelli Marilene ◽  
José Djair Vendramim
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Phytophagous Insects ◽  
Insect Development ◽  
Phloem Sap ◽  
Direct Damage ◽  
Antibiotic Effect ◽  
Biotype B

Whiteflies are phytophagous insects, whose nymphs and adults suck the phloem sap, causing direct damage due to host plant weakness. In tomato (Lycopersicon spp.) crops, they are important vectors of limiting fitoviruses. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of Lycopersicon spp. genotypes on Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) biotype B development under greenhouse conditions. The evaluated genotypes were LA462 (L. peruvianum), LA716 (L. pennellii), LA1584 (L. pimpinellifolium), LA1609 (L. peruvianum), LA1739 (L. hirsutum), P25 (L. esculentum), PI134417 (L. hirsutum f. glabratum) and Santa Clara (L. esculentum). LA716 was non-preferred for oviposition by the whitefly, which suggests an antixenotic effect. LA1584 showed an antibiotic resistance because nymphal survival was reduced and nymphal developmental time was increased. Antixenotic resistance was observed in LA1739 and PI134417, based on a reduction of oviposition. PI134417 also reduced nymphal survival, which suggests an antibiotic effect, but LA1739 was suitable for insect development. LA1609 was highly preferred for oviposition, however it reduced insect survival. P25 and Santa Clara (L. esculentum) were highly preferred for oviposition.

Micro versus nanochannels: carbon micro-sieve tubes from biological phloem tissues for lithium–oxygen batteries

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 388-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuang Sun ◽  
Yuchen Zhang ◽  
Bin Sun ◽  
Chushu Yang ◽  
Tao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Sieve Tube ◽  
Phloem Tissue ◽  
Sieve Tubes ◽  
Stability Issues ◽  
Lithium Oxygen Batteries

Microscale sieve-tube carbon from biological phloem tissue goes much beyond nanoscale channel carbon, avoiding clogging and alleviating stability issues.

Specific Mass Transfer and Sink-Controlled Phloem Translocation in Castor Bean

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 483 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Kallarackal ◽  
JA Milburn
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Back Pressure ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Specific Mass ◽  
Phloem Sap ◽  
Phloem Translocation ◽  
Sieve Tubes

The specific mass transfer (SMT) into the fruits of Ricinus communis was measured in three different systems: (1) the intact truss, (2) fruit-thinned truss (all but one fruit removed), and (3) exuding peduncle. We found that the SMT in an intact system accords well with values reported in previous studies. But in the single-fruit and exuding systems the values were 2 and 18 times higher than the intact system, respectively. The inability of a single fruit to achieve a much higher SMT value shows that the assimilate unloading is sink-controlled. The high SMT value of the exuding system demonstrates the capacity of the sieve tubes to transport large volumes of phloem sap when turgor pressure in the sieve tubes at the sink ceases to be a limiting factor. This can be contrasted with the single-fruit system where the sink probably exerts a 'back pressure' while the assimilate supply is unlimited. The twofold increase in SMT shown by a single-fruit system is probably caused by hormone-stimulated assimilate unloading. SMT values have been used also to calculate the velocity of sap flow in the sieve tubes.

Über den Zuckergehalt der Siebröhren- bzw. Siebzellensäfte von Heracleum Mantegazzianum und Picea abies (L.) KARST.

1959 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 278-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hubert Ziegler ◽  
Tom E. Mittler
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Sieve Tube ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Heracleum Mantegazzianum ◽  
Sieve Tubes

Sieve-tube sap from the petioles of Heracleum Mantegazzianum and Picea abies stems was obtained by severing the proboscides of aphids tapping the sieve tubes of these plants. Sucrose was the only sugar detected in the sieve-tube sap, and occurred at concentrations of 24% (Heracleum) and 10% (w/v) (Picea). Volumes of sieve-tube sap equal to 5500 sieve-tube cells of Heracleum and 50 sievetube cells of Picea exuded from severed aphid probiscides.The mouth-parts of the aphids living within hollow Heracleum petioles normally penetrate the xylem of the vascular bundles in order to reach the phloem sieve-tubes. The aphids also tap the sievetubes of isolated phloem strands.

Seasonal Changes in Callose Levels and Fluorescein Translocation in the Phloem of Vitis Vinifera L.

IAWA Journal ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roni Aloni ◽  
Carol A. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Sieve Tube ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
First Year ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Radial Gradient ◽  
Sieve Tubes ◽  
Sieve Plates

The secondary phloem of Vitis vinifera L. is characterised by a radial gradient of sieve tube diameters. Sieve tubes maturing early in the growing season have the largest diameters; those maturing late in the season have the smallest. In early spring, masses of winter dormancy callose are gradually digested in a polar radial pattern, proceeding outwards from the cambium. The fluorescent dye, fluorescein, was used to detect translocation in sieve tubes. During spring, dye translocation was first observed in the wider sieve tubes produced near the end of the previous year and wh ich had reduced amounts of callose. But translocation was not observed in the very narrow sieve tubes formed at the end of the year although they were the first to be callose free. The reactivated sieve tubes functioned for about one month. New sieve tubes differentiated three weeks after dormancy callose breakdown and started to function about one week later, so that the transition of translocation activity from the sieve tubes of the previous year to those of the current year is relatively rapid. The sieve tubes formed toward the end of the growing season (but not the narrowest ones formed at the very end of the season) function during parts of two successive seasons, while the sieve tubes forrned early in the season usually function during the first year only. Callose amounts increase gradually during summer in both the old and new sieve tubes and become relatively heavy in the old ones. At this developmental stage, translocation occurs through young sieve plates with relatively high callose deposits.

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