scholarly journals Periodism and Energy Summation with Special Reference to Flight Rhythms in Aphids

1957 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-221
Author(s):  
C. G. JOHNSON ◽  
L. R. TAYLOR
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Graphical Method ◽  
Aphis Fabae ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Morning Peak ◽  
Flight Curve ◽  
Periodic Growth ◽  
Afternoon Peak

1. Summer populations of Aphis fabae often show a bimodal flight curve with no flight at night. 2. The teneral period between moulting and flight depends on temperature and can be estimated. 3. Increase in temperature causes the teneral period to shorten and is followed, some time later, by an increase in rate of take-off. 4. This produces the afternoon peak of flight. 5. The morning peak is usually due to aphids which, maturing overnight, accumulate and fly when rising temperature permits. 6. A graphical method is given for constructing flight curves from constant, or observed, moulting rates and the temperature during the teneral period. 7. Population periodicities in which each individual acts only once, are distinguished from individual periodicities in which the same act is repeated by the same individuals. 8. Synchronization is necessary for either type to be evident, and this may be due to rhythmic fluctuations in developmental increments preceding the act, even in short-term periodicities, rather than to behaviour responses. 9. This may apply to rhythms of flight, as in aphids, or of emergence; to seasonal periodic growth of populations in insects; or to populations of cells in regulatory organs.

scholarly journals Measurement report: Short-term variation in ammonia concentrations in an urban area increased by mist evaporation and emissions from a forest canopy with bird droppings

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (20) ◽  
pp. 11941-11954
Author(s):  
Kazuo Osada
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Daily Minimum ◽  
Bird Droppings ◽  
Morning Peak ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Cloudy Weather

Abstract. Local meteorological conditions and natural and anthropogenic sources affect atmospheric NH3 concentrations in urban areas. To investigate potential sources and processes of NH3 variation in urban areas, hourly NH3 and NH4+ concentrations were measured during November 2017–October 2019 in Nagoya, a central Japanese megacity. Average NH3 concentrations are high in summer and low in winter. Daily minimum NH3 concentrations are linearly correlated with daily minimum air temperatures. By contrast, daily maximum NH3 concentrations increase exponentially with temperature, suggesting that different nighttime and daytime processes and air temperatures affect concentrations. Short-term increases in NH3 concentrations of two types were examined closely. Infrequent but large increases (11 parts per billion (ppb) for 2 h) occurred after mist evaporation during daytime. During 2 years of observations, only one event of this magnitude was identified in Nagoya, although evaporation of mist and fog occurs frequently after rains. Also, short-term increases occur with a large morning peak in summer. Amplitudes of diurnal variation in NH3 concentration (daily maximum minus minimum) were analyzed on days with nonwet and low wind conditions. Amplitudes were small (ca. 2 ppb) in winter, but they increased from early summer along with new leaf growth. Amplitudes peaked in summer (ca. 20 ppb) because of droppings from hundreds of crows before roosting in trees on the campus. High daily maximum NH3 concentrations were characterized by a rapid increase occurring 2–4 h after local sunrise. In summer, peak NH3 concentrations at around 08:00 local time (LT) in sunny weather were greater than in cloudy weather, suggesting that direct sunlight particularly boosts the morning peak. Daily and seasonal findings related to the morning peak imply that stomatal emission at the site causes the increase. Differences between daily amplitudes during the two summers was explained by the different input amounts of reactive nitrogen from bird droppings and rain, suggesting that bird droppings, a temporary rich source of NH3, affected the small forest canopy.

scholarly journals Efektifitas Pemberlakuan Sistem Satu Arah pada Jalan Indraprasta Kota Semarang dalam Rangka Pemerataan Sebaran Beban Lalu Lintas

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Djoko Purwanto ◽  
EPF Eko Yulipriyono
Keyword(s):  
Large Degree ◽  
Small Degree ◽  
Degree Of Saturation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Typical Situation ◽  
Short Term Study ◽  
Data Analysis Procedure ◽  
Big City ◽  
The One ◽  
Afternoon Peak

The traffic problems in a big city such as Semarang generally caused by the typical situation like overcrowding at peak hours. To overcome this problem, Semarang Government has implemented “One Way System” on the Indraprasta Street section without providing road partner. This study is intended to identify the effectiveness of this policy. The following streets were reviewed: Indraprasta, Imam Bonjol, Mgr. Soegiyopranoto, and Pierre Tendean. Further, the intersections which studied are Indraprasta-Imam Bonjol-Pierre Tendean and Tugu Muda. Traffic survey data were collected in the morning and afternoon peak hours. Manual Kapasitas Jalan Indonesia 1997 was used in the data analysis procedure. This short-term study was conducted by simulating the proposed scenario and compared with the existing situations.In conclusion, “One Way System” on Indraprasta Street section is assessed not effective due to its relatively small degree of saturation, while Mgr. Soegiyopranoto Street has a large degree of saturation. Therefore, the one-way system to Imam Bonjol Street and Mgr. Soegiyopranoto Street also needed to implement and form a “rotary link“. In addition, enacting contraflow for public transport on Soegiyopranoto Street and Imam Bonjol Street is necessary, also the arrangement of signals and geometric in the intersection that linked those three streets.

Time—A Neglected Aspect of Psychiatric Treatments

1978 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 291-295
Author(s):  
O. T. Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Outcome ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Latency Period ◽  
Term Therapy ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Short Term Therapy ◽  
Difficult Issue

This review attempts to deal with the complex issues involved in the time to heal, with special reference to psychological processes. The questions of convalescence and relapse in organic medicine are explored and extrapolated to psychiatric processes. The concept of a latency period of change in treatment outcome is discussed with reference to both less complicated reactive states as well as highly charged neurotic processes. The problems of recognizing slow but perceptible change and separating it from failure to respond is analysed. The value of long-term psychotherapy is assessed and comparison made with the newer concept of short-term therapy. Crisis therapy and disaster reactions are discussed within the concept of time to heal. Finally the difficult issue of “miraculous cure” with its therapeutic implications is evaluated.

scholarly journals Measurement report: Short-term variation of ammonia concentration in an urban area: contributions of mist evaporation and emissions from a forest canopy with bird droppings

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuo Osada
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Daily Minimum ◽  
Bird Droppings ◽  
Morning Peak

Abstract. Short-term variations of NH3 concentrations in the urban atmosphere are affected by local meteorological conditions and variations of natural and anthropogenic sources. To investigate potential sources and processes of NH3 variation in an urban area, hourly NH3 and NH4+ concentrations were measured from November 2017 through October 2019 in Nagoya, a megacity located in central Japan. Monthly averages of NH3 concentrations were high in summer and low in winter. Daily minimum NH3 concentrations were almost linearly correlated with daily minimum air temperature. In contrast, daily maximum NH3 concentrations revealed an exponential increase with temperature, suggesting that different processes with air temperature acted during the nighttime and daytime. Short-term increases of NH3 concentrations of two types were examined closely. The first is a rare but large increase (11 ppb for 2 hr) after mist evaporation during daytime. It is noteworthy that an event of this magnitude was identified only once during two years of observations at Nagoya even though evaporation of mist or fog droplets is expected to be frequent after rain. The second short-term increase was a large morning peak in summer. After selected days were fulfilled with non-wet and weak wind conditions, the amplitude of diurnal variation of NH3 concentration (daily maximum minus minimum) was analyzed: the amplitude was small (ca. 2 ppb) in winter but it increased from early summer along with new leaf growth. It peaked in summer (up to ca. 20 ppb) during intense addition of droppings from hundreds of crows on trees in the campus assembled before roosting. The high daily maximum NH3 concentration was characterized by a rapid increase occurring 2–4 hr after local sunrise. Daily and seasonal findings related to the morning peak implied that stomatal emission at the site was responsible for the increase. The yearly difference between daily amplitudes during the two summers was explained by the difference in the input amounts of reactive nitrogen derived from bird droppings and some rain, suggesting that the canopy of a small forest affected by the bird droppings might act as a temporary but strong source of NH3.

scholarly journals Significance of methylprednisolone therapy in acute spinal cord injury with special reference to short-term follow-up.

1995 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-354
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Yokota ◽  
Makoto Kawai ◽  
Kazuyoshi Kato ◽  
Kunihiro Mashiko ◽  
Yasuhiro Yamamoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Acute Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cord Injury

Adjustment of estimated tree growth rates in northern California conifers for changes in precipitation levels

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 1241-1248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee C Wensel ◽  
Eric C Turnblom
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Northern California ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Periodic Growth

Even with similar initial conditions, observed forest growth rates on permanent sample plots in the conifer region of northern California differ for different periods. Thus, individual-tree growth models built with growth parameters estimated from data from one period may not produce accurate estimates for another period unless some allowance is made for this variation in growth rates. Variation in growth rates of northern California conifers through time has been shown to be correlated with precipitation changes. A method is presented that adjusts periodic growth estimates for variation in precipitation between periods. This provides a basis for adjusting short-term growth data for making long-term growth projections. Perhaps more importantly, short-term inventory updates might be made more accurately.

Diurnal and nocturnal biting activity of flies (Diptera) in western Uganda

1973 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. N. Kangwagye
Keyword(s):  
Early Morning ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Morning Peak ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Western Uganda ◽  
Afternoon Peak

AbstractDay and night catches of biting flies (excluding Culicidae) were made from bullock, buffalo and at light at Katookye, western Uganda, between July 1966 and August 1967. The 39 species caught were classified according to the time of day at which they bit. The seven Groups and the most commonly caught species are as follows: Group 1, Ceratopogonidae (purely nocturnal) and Glossina fuscipleuris Aust., Stomoxys ochrosoma Speiser and Haematobosca squalida (Grünb.) (diurnal and nocturnal); Group 2 (early morning peak),Haematobia minuta (Bez.),H. spinigera(Mall.)and H. thirouxi (Roub.); Group 3 (mid-morning peak), Tabanus taeniola P. de B. and T. thoracinus P. de B. Group 4 (mid-morning and late afternoon peaks), G. pallidipes Aust. males and Haematobosca latifrons (Mall.); Group 5 (early morning and evening peaks), Haematopota brunnescens Ric. females, H. patellicorne (End.) females, Stomoxys taeniata Big., S. nigra Macq., S. inornata Grünb. and S. omega Newst.; Group 6 (midday to mid-afternoon peak), G. pallidipes females, H. brucei Aust. females, T. par Wlk. females and Chrysops distinctipennis Aust. females; and Group 7 (progressive increase in biting from morning till evening), G. fuscipes Newst. and S. calcitrans (L.).

scholarly journals Appraisal of Financial Performance of Regional Rural Banks with Special Reference to Assam Gramin Vikash Bank, Maharashtra Gramin Vikash Bank and Karnataka Gramin Vikash Bank

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
pp. 191-196
Author(s):  
S Selvakumar ◽  
D Abima
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Financial Planning ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Banking Services ◽  
Banking Business

Regional Rural Banks are functioning at regional level in different States and Union Territories of India. These banks are rendering both fundamental and modern banking services. Finance is one of the most important aspects of banking business. Without proper financial planning an enterprise is unlikely to be successful in managing money. For the proper financial planning, analysis of the financial performance is required. Hence, an attempt has been made to analyse the performance of the Assam Gramin Vikash Bank, Maharashtra Gramin Bank and Karnataka Vikash Gramin Bank in terms of short term solvency, long term solvency and profitability. It is concluded that the financial performance of the Assam Gramin Vikash Bank, Maharashtra Gramin Bank and Karnataka Vikash Gramin Bank are good.

Observations on the biting habits of mosquitos in the forest canopy at Zika, Uganda, with special reference to the crepuscular periods

1964 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 589-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Haddow
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Endogenous Rhythm ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
Morning Peak ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Evening Peak

The results of sixty 24-hour catches of mosquitos carried out with man as bait in the forest canopy at Zika, central Uganda, are discussed. In these catches the arrival of mosquitos was recorded to the nearest minute.The rapid changes of light intensity in the equatorial twilight are discussed in relation to a series of readings made at Entebbe.It is shown that among species that show a crepuscular peak of biting activity (Aedes ingrami Edw., A. africanus (Theo.), Mansonia fuscopennata (Theo.) and M. aurites (Theo.)) the peaks do not all occur at the same time, but form a succession.Moonlight (at least in the forest canopy) has no apparent effect on the timing of these crepuscular surges of biting activity.One species (M. fuscopennata) also shows a peak of biting activity before sunrise. This peak is closer to sunrise than the evening peak is to sunset. A brief reference to current work carried out above the canopy, where foliage, shadows, etc., do not complicate the environment, shows that this phenomenon occurs in other species also. It is concluded that in these species the morning peak must almost certainly occur in light of much greater intensity than the evening peak.The implications of these findings are discussed with reference to the questions of endogenous rhythm and exogenous stimuli.

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