A Simple Procedure for the Study of Ionic Regulation in Small Animals

1955 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-329
Author(s):  
J. SHAW
Keyword(s):  
Simple Procedure ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
Ionic Regulation ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Specific Chemical ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Electrometric Method ◽  
Chemical Reagents ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium

A simple procedure is described for the estimation of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium in quantities of about 1 µg. The ions are precipitated by specific chemical reagents, the precipitates separated by centrifugation and converted quantitatively into chlorides. The chloride is titrated by the Volhard method or by an electrometric method using a simple automatic micro-burette. Measurements made on simple salt solutions and on blood samples gave standard deviations of 1-2% except in the sodium method where the error was greater (2-4%).

Ionic regulation in the Pacific edible crab, Cancer magister (Dana)

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (7) ◽  
pp. 735-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Engelhardt ◽  
P. A. Dehnel
Keyword(s):  
Estuarine Environment ◽  
Ionic Regulation ◽  
Magnesium Ions ◽  
Cancer Magister ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Seasonal Differences ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Seasonal Acclimation

Regulation in blood and urine of chloride, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium was determined for the crab, Cancer magister, collected from an estuarine environment and adapted to hypo- and hypersaline conditions. Seasonal differences in regulation were found, demonstrating seasonal acclimation. In all instances except magnesium, ions were regulated hypertonically in dilute media, and summer-adapted animals were the greater regulators. In concentrated media, ions differed with regard to the degree of regulation. Regulation of magnesium is strongly hypotonic. Size was determined not to be a factor in the regulation of ions.

scholarly journals Nutritional factors in milk from Brazilian mothers delivering small for gestational age neonates

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 455-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anete S. Grumach ◽  
Solange E.I. Jerônimo ◽  
Marcia Hage ◽  
Magda M.S. Carneiro-Sampaio
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Total Proteins ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Preterm Babies ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium

The composition of breast milk from brazilian mothers delivering low birthweight infants and its adequacy as a source of nutrients for this group has not yet been fully elucidated. A total of 209 milk samples from 66 women were analysed. The mothers were divided into three groups: G1, mothers delivering term babies of low birthweight (TSGA, n=16); G2, mothers delivering preterm babies of appropriate birthweight (PTAGA, n=20); G3, mothers delivering term babies of appropriate birthweight (TAGA, n=30). The following factors were analysed: osmolarity, total proteins and protein fractions, creamatocrit, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. Milk samples were collected 48 h and 7, 15, 30 and 60 days after delivery. The groups did not differ significantly in terms of osmolarity, total proteins and fractions, creamatocrit, calcium, magnesium or potassium throughout the study period. Sodium levels were higher in all samples from mothers of TSGA infants and in samples from mothers of PTAGA infants on the 7th, 15th and 30th days than in milk from the TAGA group. The authors consider the needs of the low birthweight and TAGA infants and that these high sodium levels may be necessary for growth of low birthweight infants.

scholarly journals Metabolic evaluation of Crioulo horses participating in competitions of 750 km

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 1471-1477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena Alvariza Amaral ◽  
Millie Marchiori ◽  
Charles Ferreira Martins ◽  
Marcio Nunes Correa ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Wayne Nogueira
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Ionized Calcium ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Total Calcium ◽  
Blood Cell Count ◽  
Metabolic Evaluation ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean

The Crioulo breed of horses performs in one of the most physically demanding equestrian competitions, the Marcha de Resistência, which is a contest in which the horses run 750 km in 15 days. The study's aim was to characterize the metabolic responses during this period. We evaluated eleven Crioulo horses in the competition, specifically, two males and nine females. Blood samples were collected 24 hours before the contest and on the 4th, 9th, 11th, 14th and 15th days of competition. We evaluated CK, AST, LDH, glucose, lactate, urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, total calcium, ionized calcium, total protein, hematocrit and the white blood cell count. At the end of the competition, the mean values of serum AST were 1151±358 IU/ L the mean LDH values were 7418±1695 IU/L and CK was 13,867±3998UI /L. There was a significant increase in urea, creatinine and lactate (p<0.0001). A decrease in the mean values of chloride, sodium, potassium, and total and ionized calcium was observed (p≤0.0002). An evaluation of the total leukocytes and segmented neutrophils (p≤0.0002) revealed their increased values, and decreased values were observed for hematocrit, plasma protein and total lymphocytes (p≤0.0003). The values of glucose, on average, remained constant. Based on these data, we conclude that the Marcha de Resistência competition necessitated a high muscular demand and the depletion of energy and electrolytes, suggesting an inflammatory process in the animals evaluated.

scholarly journals Ionic Regulation and Water Balance in the Aquatic Larva of Sialis Lutaria

1955 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. SHAW
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Electrolyte Composition ◽  
Sodium Ions ◽  
Ionic Regulation ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Water Excretion ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Osmotic Water ◽  
Saline Solutions ◽  
Aquatic Larva

1. The electrolyte composition of the blood, tissues and excretory fluid of the aquatic larvae of Sialis lutaria has been measured, and the regulation of the concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride in the blood studied in detail. 2. In the normal larvae these ions are not present in the excretory fluid. Potassium and, perhaps, sodium are reabsorbed in the rectum but chloride is never present in the rectum. 3. If these ions are present in the outside medium they are taken into the larvae through the gut. The blood concentration is regulated by the excretion of these ions via the rectal fluid. Potassium is rapidly excreted but chloride tends to be retained in the blood. Sodium is removed more rapidly than chloride. 4. Water enters the larvae by osmosis through the cuticle, but can also be absorbed through the gut by osmosis or together with sodium ions. The water intake is balanced by excretion of rectal fluid. The factors affecting the rate of water excretion have been studied. 5. The larvae are unable to survive in hypertonic saline solutions. This is due to their inability to make good osmotic water loss or to produce a hypertonic excretory fluid.

Changes in electrolyte concentrations and hydration status in endurance horses following transport and an overnight stay prior to competition

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
C. Langdon Fielding ◽  
K. Gary Magdesian
Keyword(s):  
Total Protein ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Bicarbonate Concentration ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Subsequent Elimination

Abstract OBJECTIVE To evaluate changes in electrolyte concentrations and hydration status that take place in endurance horses prior to the start of a competition and determine whether these changes would be associated with elimination. ANIMALS 19 horses entered in the 2016 Tevis Cup 100-Miles (160 km) One-Day Western States Trail Ride. PROCEDURES Heparinized blood samples were collected at 5 time points: prior to transport to the ride (T0), during check-in the day before the ride (T1), 1 to 2 hours before the start of the ride (T2), at the 15-km mark (T3), and at the 55-km mark (T4). Packed cell volume and plasma sodium, potassium, chloride, urea nitrogen, glucose, bicarbonate, and total protein concentrations were determined and compared across time points and between finishers and nonfinishers. RESULTS Signif icant differences were detected among plasma sodium, potassium, and urea nitrogen concentrations measured prior to the start of the ride (ie, T0, T1, and T2). For all variables except chloride and bicarbonate concentrations, significant differences were detected between values obtained prior to the start of the ride and values obtained during the ride (ie, T3 and T4). Only bicarbonate concentration at the 15-km mark of the ride was significantly associated with finishing status. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that significant changes in plasma sodium, potassium, and urea nitrogen concentrations can occur in endurance horses during transport to a competition and when horses are stabled overnight before an event. Additionally, a lower bicarbonate concentration following a steep climb early during the ride was associated with subsequent elimination.

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