The Inorganic Composition of the Blood of Mytilus Edulis and Anodonta Cygnea

1954 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 376-385
Author(s):  
W. T. W. POTTS
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Mytilus Edulis ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Anodonta Cygnea ◽  
Ionic Solutions ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Inorganic Composition ◽  
Inorganic Constituents

1. Analyses have been made of the inorganic constituents of the blood of Mytilus edulis and Anodonta cygnea. 2. Mytilus blood resembles sea water in total concentration and composition, but has greater concentrations of calcium, potassium and total carbon dioxide. 3. Anodonta blood has a very low total concentration of solutes, but the concentrations of calcium and carbon dioxide are of the same order of magnitude as the concentrations in Mytilus blood. 4. This is discussed with reference to solubility of calcium carbonate in ionic solutions, and it is concluded that the blood of both animals is saturated with respect to aragonite.

Force Exerted by a Single Cilium of Mytilus Edulis

1962 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-317
Author(s):  
MITSUKI YONEDA
Keyword(s):  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Mytilus Edulis ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Model Experiment ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Free Motion ◽  
A Value ◽  
Angular Velocities ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Single Subunit

1. Angular velocities of the large abfrontal cilium of Mytilus beating in media of various viscosities were measured. 2. An equation for the force produced by a single cilium in free motion was derived by hydrodynamical methods. Expressing the force in terms of torque referred to the base of the cilium: Torque = angular velocity x viscosity x (length of the cilium)3 x constant. The constant appropriate to the effective stroke of the large abfrontal cilium was found by a model experiment to have a value of 1.1 . 3. The torque exerted by the cilium in normal sea water was 2 x 10-8 dyne.cm. Increase of viscosity resulted in increase in the torque. 4. The maximum power developed by the cilium was calculated to be 1.2 x 10-6 erg/sec. Assuming that a single cilium is made up of 20 subunits, the power developed by a single subunit is 6 x 10-8 erg/sec., which is of the same order of magnitude as the power developed by a single spermatozoon of a sea urchin (Carlson, 1959).

Iron Metabolism in Mytilus Edulis 1. Variation in Total Content and Distribution

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 597-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Hobden
Keyword(s):  
Mytilus Edulis ◽  
Iron Content ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Trace Element Metabolism ◽  
Living Organisms

The iron content of fresh Mytilus edulis L. from Southampton is usually 20–40 μg/g wet weight after the animals have eliminated their gut contents. In spring some animals have much higher iron contents, sometimes in excess of 100 μg/g. The much higher values reported by some authors are probably erroneous.Prolonged starvation in sea water of low iron content will not reduce the mean iron content of the animals below 20–25 μg/g. This represents a permanent store. Higher values are produced by a temporary store that is fairly rapidly lost on starvation.The highest iron concentrations are usually in the digestive gland, which contains the major part of the temporary store, much of which can be regarded as particles being subjected to the digestive processes.Only iron in the temporary store could be demonstrated by histochemical techniques.INTRODUCTIONThe trace element metabolism of Vertebrates, particularly Mammals has been reviewed by Bothwell & Finch (1962); and Vinogradov (1953) has made a comprehensive review of the elementary chemical composition of living organisms. With notable exceptions, such as the copper in haemocyanin, the trace elements discovered in many invertebrates have no known function. The reported values for many elements differ considerably, depending on the author and the techniques used. In general, despite a number of errors in the values quoted, Vinogradov's data establish at least the order of magnitude of many elements in a variety of animals. Some of these elements occur in greater amounts than would be expected if they were not of metabolic significance. One example, namely iron in Mytilus edulis L., was selected for investigation.

scholarly journals Time course of the establishment of uterine seawater conditions in late-term pregnant spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias)

1988 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
pp. 443-456
Author(s):  
G. A. Kormanik
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Squalus Acanthias ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Spiny Dogfish ◽  
Ionic Form ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Content

The gestation period for embryos of the spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias (L.) lasts for nearly 2 years. During the latter part of this period the pups remain in the uterus and the fluid surrounding the embryos resembles sea water with respect to the major ions, but is low in pH (approx. 6), high in partial pressure of carbon dioxide (approx. 3 mmHg; 1 mmHg = 133.3 Pa), low in total carbon dioxide content (approx. 0.2 mmol l-1), and may have a total ammonia concentration of up to 22 mmol l-1. Thus the conditions under which the pups complete their development in utero is quite remarkable. The derivation of these conditions was examined in late-term pregnant females, from whose uterine horns the pups had been removed, by monitoring changes that occurred in instilled uterine sea water. The mother is responsible for reducing the pH, reducing the total carbon dioxide content and elevating the partial pressure of carbon dioxide to the levels observed in fresh-caught females, in less than 24 h. The ammonia concentration is also elevated, but this takes rather longer. The decreased pH is responsible for the accumulation of ammonia in the uterine sea water, and it also serves to protect the pups from the toxic effects of NH3, by converting it to the relatively non-toxic ionic form, NH4+. The reasons for the establishment of these uterine seawater conditions are still not evident.

scholarly journals Pretreatment apparatus for determination of total carbon dioxide in sea water and in decarbonated sea water

1974 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 260-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunio SUGINO ◽  
Hiroshi KITAMURA ◽  
Kenzaburo OBATA
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Total Carbon
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