scholarly journals Metabolic tradeoffs in tropical and subtropical marine mammals - Unique maintenance and locomotion costs in West Indian manatees and Hawaiian monk seals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason S. John ◽  
Nicole M. Thometz ◽  
Katharine Boerner ◽  
Laura Denum ◽  
Traci L. Kendall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Marine Mammal ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Warm Water ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Warm Water Species ◽  
Monk Seals ◽  
Water Species

Unlike the majority of marine mammal species, Hawaiian monk seals (Neomonachus schauinslandi) and West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) reside exclusively in tropical or subtropical waters. Although potentially providing an energetic benefit through reduced maintenance and thermal costs, little is known about the cascading effects that may alter energy expenditure during activity, dive responses, and overall energy budgets for these warm water species. To examine this, we used open-flow respirometry to measure the energy expended during resting and swimming in both species. We found the average resting metabolic rates (RMR) for both the adult monk seal (753.8±26.1 kJ·hr−1, mean±s.e.m) and manatees (887.7±19.5 kJ·hr−1) were lower than predicted for cold water marine mammal species of similar body mass. Despite these relatively low RMRs, both total cost per stroke and total cost of transport (COTTOT) during submerged swimming were similar to predictions for comparably sized marine mammals (adult monk seal: Cost per stroke=5.0±0.2 J·kg−1·stroke−1, COTTOT=1.7±0.1 J·kg−1·m−1; manatees: Cost per stroke=2.0±0.4 J·kg−1·stroke−11, COTTOT=0.87±0.17 J·kg−1·m−1). These lower maintenance costs result in less variability in adjustable metabolic costs that occur during submergence for warm water species. However, these reduced maintenance costs do not appear to confer an advantage in overall energetic costs during activity, potentially limiting the capacity of warm-water species to respond to anthropogenic or environmental threats that require increased energy expenditure.

Estimating optimal salinity and temperature of chaetognaths

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 1399-1407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Zhang ◽  
Zhao-Li Xu
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
East China Sea ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Warm Water ◽  
East China ◽  
Optimal Temperature ◽  
The East China Sea ◽  
Warm Water Species ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Water Species

Determining optimal temperature and salinity for marine organisms is a challenge for marine ecologists because not every species can be easily maintained in the laboratory for testing the influence of environmental parameters. To find a simple method to estimate the optimal temperature and salinity for marine organisms based on survey data, a reciprocal quadratic yield-density model was used for determining the optimal temperature or salinity from abundance data for six pelagic Chaetognatha species. The data for the modelling were collected in four surveys in the East China Sea (23°30′–33°N 118°30′–128°E) from 1997 to 2000. According to both survey data and results from the models, we analysed qualitatively and quantitatively the ecological characteristics of those species. Estimated optimal temperatures and salinities are 17.3°C and 14.1‰ for Sagitta nagae, 20.3°C and 13.8‰ for S. bedoti, 24.9°C and 32.9‰ for S. enflata, 22.5°C and 16.5‰ for S. ferox, 24.5°C and 34.1‰ for S. pacifica and 17.3°C and 14.1‰ for S. pulchra, respectively. Three ecological groups were evident in the East China Sea: the neritic, warm temperate water species (S. nagae); the neritic, warm water species (S. pulchra, S. ferox and S. bedoti); and the oceanic, warm water species (S. enflata and S. pacifica). Our results validate that the model is applicable for describing the relationship between chaetognaths abundance and temperature or salinity.

Climate change and warm-water species at the north-western boundary of the Mediterranean Sea

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 897-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeriano Parravicini ◽  
Luisa Mangialajo ◽  
Laure Mousseau ◽  
Andrea Peirano ◽  
Carla Morri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Warm Water ◽  
Western Boundary ◽  
Warm Water Species ◽  
The North ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
North Western ◽  
Water Species

Impacts of climate change on Australian marine mammals

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Schumann ◽  
Nick J. Gales ◽  
Robert G. Harcourt ◽  
John P. Y. Arnould
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Coastal Species ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Distributional Shifts ◽  
Water Species

Increasing evidence suggests that climate change is negatively affecting marine ecosystems and biota. However, little is known of how climate change will impact marine mammals. This review aims to identify the effects of climatic variations on Australian marine mammals and determine their potential responses to climate change. Shifts in distributions and reproductive success have been associated with climatic factors, while stranding events, drowning of seal pups, exposure to altered water conditions and disease in several marine mammal species have followed extreme weather events. Climate change may produce distributional shifts as the ranges of warm-water species expand or shift southwards, and those of cold-water species contract. Reductions in the extent of key habitats, changes in breeding success, a greater incidence of strandings in dugongs and cetaceans, and increased exposure of coastal species to pollutants and pathogens are likely. The capacity of Australian marine mammals to adapt to climate change is poorly understood, though there is evidence that several species may be able to modify their physiology or behaviour in response to warming temperatures. To increase the resilience of marine mammals, it is necessary to address non-climatic threats, such as ensuring that key habitats are protected in Australia.

scholarly journals Feasibility of melting fingerprint obtained from ISSR-HRM curves for marine mammal species identification

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11689
Author(s):  
Wannapimol Kriangwanich ◽  
Kittisak Buddhachat ◽  
Anocha Poommouang ◽  
Siriwadee Chomdej ◽  
Chatchote Thitaram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Success Rate ◽  
Species Identification ◽  
Marine Mammal ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Intraspecific Variability ◽  
Issr Markers ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Hrm Analysis ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
High Degree

Currently, species identification of stranded marine mammals mostly relies on morphological features, which has inherent challenges. The use of genetic information for marine mammal species identification remains limited, therefore, new approaches that can contribute to a better monitoring of stranded species are needed. In that context, the ISSR-HRM method we have proposed offers a new approach for marine mammal species identification. Consequently, new approaches need to be developed to identify individuals at the species level. Eight primers of the ISSR markers were chosen for HRM analysis resulting in ranges of accuracy of 56.78–75.50% and 52.14–75.93% in terms of precision, while a degree of sensitivity of more than 80% was recorded when each single primer was used. The ISSR-HRM primer combinations revealed a success rate of 100% in terms of discrimination for all marine mammals included in this study. Furthermore, ISSR-HRM analysis was successfully employed in determining marine mammal discrimination among varying marine mammal species. Thus, ISSR-HRM analysis could serve as an effective alternative tool in the species identification process. This option would offer researchers a heightened level of convenience in terms of its performance and success rate. It would also offer field practice to veterinarians, biologists and other field-related people a greater degree of ease with which they could interpret results when effectively classifying stranded marine mammals. However, further studies with more samples and with a broader geographical scope will be required involving distinct populations to account for the high degree of intraspecific variability in cetaceans and to demonstrate the range of applications of this approach.

scholarly journals Marine Mammals Occurring in the Negros Occidental Coastal Wetlands Conservation Area, Philippines

2021 ◽  
pp. 129-142
Author(s):  
Manuel Eduardo de la Paz ◽  
Jacob Nathaniel Luther ◽  
Stiffy Marie Espinosa ◽  
Bea Chiara Festin ◽  
Rubena Marie Santillan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammal ◽  
Coastal Wetlands ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
The North ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
International Importance ◽  
Wetlands Conservation

The Negros Occidental Coastal Wetlands Conservation Area (NOCWCA) is the Philippines’ 7th Ramsar Site of Wetlands of International Importance. It spans 89,607 ha comprising the municipal waters of 10 adjacent towns and municipalities. Its waters are part of the Guimaras Strait in the north and the Panay Gulf in the south. This research aimed to assess marine mammal diversity in these coastal wetlands. Marine mammal species here were documented through strandings, interview surveys, and boat surveys. Ten species of marine mammals, including the dugong (Dugong dugon), have stranded in the NOCWCA for the past ten years. Three species were encountered in the boat surveys: Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus), Long-snouted spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris longirostris), and Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris). All species were encountered in close proximity to fishing boats, indicating possible interactions. The presence of these marine mammals here highlights the importance of these areas as essential habitats.

scholarly journals Pandemic danger to the deep: the risk of marine mammals contracting SARS-CoV-2 from wastewater

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabateeshan Mathavarajah ◽  
Amina K. Stoddart ◽  
Graham A. Gagnon ◽  
Graham Dellaire
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Natural Water ◽  
Marine Mammal ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Untreated Wastewater

AbstractWe are in unprecedented times with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic has impacted public health, the economy and our society on a global scale. In addition, the impacts of COVID-19 permeate into our environment and wildlife as well. Here, we discuss the essential role of wastewater treatment and management during these times. A consequence of poor wastewater management is the discharge of untreated wastewater carrying infectious SARS-CoV-2 into natural water systems that are home to marine mammals. Here, we predict the susceptibility of marine mammal species using a modelling approach. We identified that many species of whale, dolphin and seal, as well as otters, are predicted to be highly susceptible to infection by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In addition, geo-mapping highlights how current wastewater management in Alaska may lead to susceptible marine mammal populations being exposed to the virus. Localities such as Cold Bay, Naknek, Dillingham and Palmer may require additional treatment of their wastewater to prevent virus spillover through sewage. Since over half of these susceptibility species are already at risk worldwide, the release of the virus via untreated wastewater could have devastating consequences for their already declining populations. For these reasons, we discuss approaches that can be taken by the public, policymakers and wastewater treatment facilities to reduce the risk of virus spillover in our natural water systems. Thus, we indicate the potential for reverse zoonotic transmission of COVID-19 and its impact on marine wildlife; impacts that can be mitigated with appropriate action to prevent further damage to these vulnerable populations.

Seasonal cycles of activity and inactivity in some hydroids from Virginia and South Carolina, U.S.A.

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 442-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale R. Calder
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Warm Water ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Warm Water Species ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Water Species ◽  
Cold Water Species

Hydroids investigated in estuaries of Virginia and South Carolina, USA, were characteristically seasonal in occurrence. Of 20 species studied in Virginia, 14 were active only during warmer months and 6 only during colder months of the year. Seven of the 18 species examined in South Carolina were active all year, whereas 9 were active only in warmer months and 2 only during colder months. Reflecting the differing temperature regimes of the two study areas, warm-water species were active for a longer period of time in South Carolina than in Virginia; cold-water species were active longer in Virginia than in South Carolina. Warm-water species commenced activity in late winter or spring at higher temperatures than those coinciding with hydranth regression in autumn or early winter. Activity in cold-water species began at lower temperatures than those observed at regression in spring. Correlations were apparent in the seasonality, water temperature tolerances, and latitudinal distribution of most species. Field observations and laboratory experiments demonstrated that a number of species survived unfavourable periods as dormant coenosarc in stems and stolons. With the return of favourable conditions, new growth began and hydranths were regenerated from dormant tissue. Water temperature is considered the prime factor influencing the seasonal activity–inactivity cycles of hydroids in the two study areas.

scholarly journals Warm-water species in the plankton off the English Channel entrance

1954 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Warm Water ◽  
English Channel ◽  
Warm Water Species ◽  
Channel Entrance ◽  
Water Species

Through the kindness of Dr L. H. N. Cooper of Plymouth I have been given the opportunity of examining some of the plankton samples taken by Surg.-Lt. P. Campbell, R.N.V.R., of H.M.S. Challenger. It is hoped that the results of these and later surveys will be published elsewhere in more detail, and in association with those made by the Scottish research vessels farther north, but two records of unusual interest are brought to notice here. The collections so far examined in detail were taken during April and May 1953, on a line of stations west of the English Channel, from 49° 39′ N., 3° 30′ W. to 47° 16′ N., 17° 52′ W. between 15 and 19 April, and on the return line from 47° 50′ N., 17° 40′ W. to 49° 28′ N., 5° 52′ W. between 25 and 28 May. They were made by 10 min. horizontal hauls at 30 fathoms depth.

scholarly journals Stability of Domoic Acid in 50% Methanol Extracts and Raw Fecal Material from Bowhead Whales (Balaena mysticetus)

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 423
Author(s):  
Emily K. Bowers ◽  
Raphaela Stimmelmayr ◽  
Kathi A. Lefebvre
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammal ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Domoic Acid ◽  
Harmful Algal Bloom ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Fecal Material ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Methanol Extracts

Domoic acid (DA), the toxin causing amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), is produced globally by some diatoms in the genus Pseudo-nitzschia. DA has been detected in several marine mammal species in the Alaskan Arctic, raising health concerns for marine mammals and subsistence communities dependent upon them. Gastrointestinal matrices are routinely used to detect Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) toxin presence in marine mammals, yet DA stability has only been studied extensively in shellfish-related matrices. To address this knowledge gap, we quantified DA in bowhead whale fecal samples at multiple time points for two groups: (1) 50% methanol extracts from feces, and (2) raw feces stored in several conditions. DA concentrations decreased to 70 ± 7.1% of time zero (T0) in the 50% methanol extracts after 2 weeks, but remained steady until the final time point at 5 weeks (66 ± 5.7% T0). In contrast, DA concentrations were stable or increased in raw fecal material after 8 weeks of freezer storage (−20 °C), at room temperature (RT) in the dark, or refrigerated at 1 °C. DA concentrations in raw feces stored in an incubator (37 °C) or at RT in the light decreased to 77 ± 2.8% and 90 ± 15.0% T0 at 8 weeks, respectively. Evaporation during storage of raw fecal material is a likely cause of the increased DA concentrations observed over time with the highest increase to 126 ± 7.6% T0 after 3.2 years of frozen storage. These results provide valuable information for developing appropriate sample storage procedures for marine mammal fecal samples.

scholarly journals Largemouth Bass in Ridge Lake, Coles County, Illinois

1954 ◽  
Vol 26 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 217-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
George W. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Largemouth Bass ◽  
The State ◽  
Spawning Season ◽  
Warm Water ◽  
Warm Water Species ◽  
Water Species

The present publication is essentially a description of the culling technique of management and its effect upon the largemouth bass in Ridge Lake for an approximate 10-year period beginning with the spring of 1941 and ending after the bass spawning season but before the angling season of 1951. This technique, which is being employed in all recreational lakes built by the state of Illinois, may be depended upon not only to maintain good bass fishing over an indefinite period but to produce superior angling for fish of other warm-water species inhabiting these lakes.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document