scholarly journals The high energetic cost of rapid force development in muscle

2021 ◽  
pp. jeb.233965
Author(s):  
Tim J. van der Zee ◽  
Arthur D. Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Muscle Force ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Mechanical Work ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Average Force ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
The Cost

Muscles consume metabolic energy for active movement, particularly when performing mechanical work or producing force. Less appreciated is the cost for activating muscle quickly, which adds considerably to the overall cost of cyclic force production (Chasiotis et al., 1987). But the cost magnitude relative to mechanical work, which features in many movements, is unknown. We therefore tested whether fast activation is costly compared to performing work or producing isometric force. We hypothesized that metabolic cost would increase with a proposed measure termed force-rate (rate of increase in muscle force) in cyclic tasks, separate from mechanical work or average force level. We tested humans (N=9) producing cyclic knee extension torque against an isometric dynamometer (torque 22 N-m, cyclic waveform frequencies 0.5 – 2.5 Hz), while also quantifying quadriceps muscle force and work against series elasticity (with ultrasonography), along with metabolic rate through respirometry. Net metabolic rate increased by more than fourfold (10.5 to 46.7 W) with waveform frequency. At high frequencies, the hypothesized force-rate cost accounted for nearly half (40%) of energy expenditure. This exceeded the cost for average force (17%) and was comparable to the cost for shortening work (43%). The force-rate cost is explained by additional active calcium transport necessary for producing forces at increasing waveform frequencies, due to rate-limiting dynamics of force production. The force-rate cost could contribute substantially to the overall cost of movements that require cyclic muscle activation, such as locomotion.

scholarly journals The high energetic cost of rapid force development in cyclic muscle contraction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim J. van der Zee ◽  
Arthur D. Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Muscle Contraction ◽  
Muscle Force ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Mechanical Work ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Average Force ◽  
Force Development ◽  
The Cost

AbstractMuscles consume metabolic energy for active movement, particularly when performing mechanical work or producing force. Less appreciated is the cost for activating and deactivating muscle quickly, which adds considerably to the overall cost of cyclic force production (Chasiotis et al., 1987). But the cost relative to mechanical work, which features in many movements, is unknown. We therefore tested whether fast activation-deactivation is costly compared to performing work or producing isometric force. We hypothesized that metabolic cost would increase with a proposed measure termed force-rate (rate of increase in muscle force) in cyclic tasks, separate from mechanical work or average force level. We tested humans (N = 9) producing cyclic knee extension torque against an isometric dynamometer (torque 22 N-m, cyclic waveform frequencies 0.5 – 2.5 Hz), while also quantifying the force and work of muscle fascicles against series elasticity (with ultrasonography), along with metabolic rate through respirometry. Net metabolic rate increased by more than fourfold (10.5 to 46.7 W) with waveform frequency. At high frequencies, the hypothesized force-rate cost accounted for nearly half (41%) of energy expenditure. This exceeded the cost for average force (17%) and was comparable to the cost for shortening work (42%). The energetic cost is explained by a simple first-order model of rate-limiting steps in muscle contraction, primarily crossbridge dynamics. The force-rate cost could contribute substantially to the overall cost of movements that require cyclic muscle activation, such as locomotion.Summary statementThe energetic cost of isometric muscle force production during cyclic muscle contraction increases sharply with cycle frequency and in proportion to the rate of force development

The work and energetic cost of locomotion. II. Partitioning the cost of internal and external work within a species

1990 ◽  
Vol 154 (1) ◽  
pp. 287-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Steudel
Keyword(s):  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Elastic Strain Energy ◽  
Mechanical Work ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
External Work ◽  
Internal Work ◽  
Cost Of Locomotion ◽  
Large Animals ◽  
The Cost

Previous studies have shown that large animals have systematically lower mass-specific costs of locomotion than do smaller animals, in spite of there being no demonstrable difference between them in the mass-specific mechanical work of locomotion. Larger animals are somehow much more efficient at converting metabolic energy to mechanical work. The present study analyzes how this decoupling of work and cost might occur. The experimental design employs limb-loaded and back-loaded dogs and allows the energetic cost of locomotion to be partitioned between that used to move the center of mass (external work) and that used to move the limbs relative to the center of mass (internal work). These costs were measured in three dogs moving at four speeds. Increases in the cost of external work with speed parallel increases in the amount of external work based on data from previous studies. However, increases in the cost of internal work with speed are much less (less than 50%) than the increase in internal work itself over the speeds examined. Furthermore, the cost of internal work increases linearly with speed, whereas internal work itself increases as a power function of speed. It is suggested that this decoupling results from an increase with speed in the extent to which the internal work of locomotion is powered by non-metabolic means, such as elastic strain energy and transfer of energy within and between body segments.

Moving cheaply: energetics of walking in the African elephant.

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (3) ◽  
pp. 629-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
V A Langman ◽  
T J Roberts ◽  
J Black ◽  
G M Maloiy ◽  
N C Heglund ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Economy ◽  
African Elephant ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Allometric Relationships ◽  
Cost Of Locomotion ◽  
Biological Laws ◽  
Large Animals ◽  
The Cost

Large animals have a much better fuel economy than small ones, both when they rest and when they run. At rest, each gram of tissue of the largest land animal, the African elephant, consumes metabolic energy at 1/20 the rate of a mouse; using existing allometric relationships, we calculate that it should be able to carry 1 g of its tissue (or a load) for 1 km at 1/40 the cost for a mouse. These relationships between energetics and size are so consistent that they have been characterized as biological laws. The elephant has massive legs and lumbers along awkwardly, suggesting that it might expend more energy to move about than other animals. We find, however, that its energetic cost of locomotion is predicted remarkably well by the allometric relationships and is the lowest recorded for any living land animal.

Relationships between energy expenditure and positive and negative mechanical work in repetitive lifting and lowering

1994 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 420-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. De Looze ◽  
H. M. Toussaint ◽  
D. A. Commissaris ◽  
M. P. Jans ◽  
A. J. Sargeant
Keyword(s):  
Energy Cost ◽  
Weight Lifting ◽  
Mechanical Work ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Negative Work ◽  
Repetitive Lifting ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Muscle Actions ◽  
Isometric Muscle

Determining the separate energy costs of the positive and negative mechanical work in repetitive lifting or lowering is quite complex, as a mixture of both work components will always be involved in the up- and downward motion of the lifter's body mass. In the current study, a new method was tested in which coefficients specifically related to the positive and negative work were estimated by multiple regression on a data set of weight-lifting and weight-lowering tasks. The energy cost was obtained from oxygen uptake measurements. The slopes of the regression lines for energy cost and mechanical work were steeper for positive than for negative work. The cost related to the negative work was approximately 0.3–0.5 times the cost of the positive work. This finding is well in line with data obtained directly from other isolated activities of either positive or negative work (e.g., ladder climbing vs. descending). However, the intercept values of the regression lines were not significantly different from zero or were even negative. This was most likely due to the metabolic energy not related to processes that yield mechanical work (e.g., isometric muscle actions) that was not constant among trials.

Energy-optimal relative timing of stance-leg push-off and swing-leg retraction in walking

Robotica ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 654-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Javad Hasaneini ◽  
John E. A. Bertram ◽  
Chris J. B. Macnab
Keyword(s):  
Force Production ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Ground Contact ◽  
Relative Timing ◽  
Mechanical Coupling ◽  
Leg Extension ◽  
Walking Speeds ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Aperiodic Gaits

SUMMARYSwing-leg retraction in walking is the slowing or reversal of the forward rotation of the swing leg at the end of the swing phase prior to ground contact. For retraction, a hip torque is often applied to the swing leg at about the same time as stance-leg push-off. Due to mechanical coupling, the push-off force affects leg swing, and hip torque affects the stance-leg extension. This coupling makes the energetic costs of retraction and push-off depend on their relative timing. Here, we find the energy-optimal relative timing of these actions. We first use a simplified walking model with non-regenerative actuators, a work-based energetic-cost, and impulsive actuations. Depending on whether the late-swing hip torque is retracting or extending (pushing the leg forward), we find that the optimum is obtained by applying the impulsive hip torque either following or prior to the impulsive push-off force, respectively. These trends extend to other bipedal models and to aperiodic gaits, and are independent of step lengths and walking speeds. In one simulation, the cost of a walking step is increased by 17.6% if retraction torque comes before push-off. To consider non-impulsive actuation and the cost of force production, we add a force-squared (F2) term to the work cost. We show that this cost promotes simultaneous push-off force and retracting torque, but does not change the result that any extending torque should come prior to push-off. A high-fidelity optimization of the Cornell Ranger robot is consistent with the swing-retraction trends from the models above.

scholarly journals Changes in force production after applying PNF

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitor Ferreira Vitor Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Experimental Protocol ◽  
Average Force ◽  
Control Protocol ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background The performance of the vertical jump can benefit from techniques that enhance muscle strength. The application of certain PNF techniques can improve muscle activation and consequently the production of strength. The objective of this study was to understand the immediate changes produced by the application of the PNF Slow Reversal technique in the performance of the vertical jump. Methods An analytic, quasi-experimental and crossover study was designed. The data were collected in two sessions with at least 48 hours between them. In each session, three countermovement jumps were collected before and after the experimental and control protocol in a randomized order. The experimental protocol consisted of two diagonals of Slow Reversal technique with 15 repetitions of each. The control protocol consisted of 5 minutes of sitting (approximately the same time as the experimental protocol). The data were collected on a force platform and processed using an algorithm in MATLAB R2016b software. Results 18 female (mean age 20.7 ± 2.7 years, mean body mass of 71.6 ± 11.5 kg, mean height of 1.75 ± 0.07 m) athletes of amateur sports participated in the study. Some values with statistical significance were found. Particularly a decrease in the average force production in the concentric phase after the application of PNF (P = 0.024). Conclusions The application of PNF seems to induce acute effects in the production of force, in the performance of the vertical jump. The application of PNF may induce muscle adaptations that need to be better studied in the long term.

Digging energetics in the South American rodent Ctenomys talarum (Rodentia, Ctenomyidae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (12) ◽  
pp. 2144-2149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Facundo Luna ◽  
C Daniel Antinuchi ◽  
Cristina Busch
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Subterranean Rodents ◽  
South American ◽  
Ctenomys Talarum ◽  
The Cost

Ctenomys is the most speciose among subterranean rodents. There are few studies on energetics of Ctenomys, and none of them have focused on the energetics of digging. The present study aims to quantify the energetic cost of burrowing in Ctenomys talarum in natural soil conditions and to compare the energetics data with those reported for other subterranean rodents. Digging metabolic rate (DMR) in gravelly sand for C. talarum was 337.4 ± 65.9 mL O2·h–1 (mean ± SD). No differences in DMR were detected between sexes. Moreover, DMR was 295.9% of resting metabolic rate. In terms of a cost of burrowing model, the mass of soil removed per distance burrowed (Msoil) in gravelly sand was 44.5 ± 6.7 g·cm–1. Coefficients of the equation that related the energy cost of constructing a burrow segment of length S and Msoil(Eseg/Msoil) were Ks = 0.33 ± 0.32 J·g–1, which is the energy cost of shearing 1 g of soil, and Kp = 0.0055 ± 0.0042 J·g–1·cm–1, which is the energy cost of pushing 1 g of soil 100 cm. Regarding the cost of burrowing model, our data showed that C. talarum has the lowest DMR in gravelly sand among unrelated subterranean rodents analyzed. Moreover, despite C. talarum feeding aboveground, the foraging economics was similar that of to other rodents.

scholarly journals The metabolic cost of in vivo constant muscle force production at zero net mechanical work

2019 ◽  
Vol 222 (8) ◽  
pp. jeb199158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim J. van der Zee ◽  
Koen K. Lemaire ◽  
Arthur J. van Soest
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Force ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Mechanical Work ◽  
Muscle Force Production

scholarly journals Kinematics of male Eupalaestrus weijenberghi (Araneae, Theraphosidae) locomotion on different substrates and inclines

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Silva-Pereyra ◽  
C Gabriel Fábrica ◽  
Carlo M. Biancardi ◽  
Fernando Pérez-Miles
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Mechanical Work ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Time Lags ◽  
External Work ◽  
Gait Patterns ◽  
Unit Distance ◽  
Body Segments ◽  
Gait Parameters

Background The mechanics and energetics of spider locomotion have not been deeply investigated, despite their importance in the life of a spider. For example, the reproductive success of males of several species is dependent upon their ability to move from one area to another. The aim of this work was to describe gait patterns and analyze the gait parameters of Eupalaestrus weijenberghi (Araneae, Theraphosidae) in order to investigate the mechanics of their locomotion and the mechanisms by which they conserve energy while traversing different inclinations and surfaces. Methods Tarantulas were collected and marked for kinematic analysis. Free displacements, both level and on an incline, were recorded using glass and Teflon as experimental surfaces. Body segments of the experimental animals were measured, weighed, and their center of mass was experimentally determined. Through reconstruction of the trajectories of the body segments, we were able to estimate their internal and external mechanical work and analyze their gait patterns. Results Spiders mainly employed a walk-trot gait. Significant differences between the first two pairs and the second two pairs were detected. No significant differences were detected regarding the different planes or surfaces with respect to duty factor, time lags, stride frequency, and stride length. However, postural changes were observed on slippery surfaces. The mechanical work required for traversing a level plane was lower than expected. In all conditions, the external work, and within it the vertical work, accounted for almost all of the total mechanical work. The internal work was extremely low and did not rise as the gradient increased. Discussion Our results support the idea of considering the eight limbs functionally divided into two quadrupeds in series. The anterior was composed of the first two pairs of limbs, which have an explorative and steering purpose and the posterior was more involved in supporting the weight of the body. The mechanical work to move one unit of mass a unit distance is almost constant among the different species tested. However, spiders showed lower values than expected. Minimizing the mechanical work could help to limit metabolic energy expenditure that, in small animals, is relatively very high. However, energy recovery due to inverted pendulum mechanics only accounts for only a small fraction of the energy saved. Adhesive setae present in the tarsal, scopulae, and claw tufts could contribute in different ways during different moments of the step cycle, compensating for part of the energetic cost on gradients which could also help to maintain constant gait parameters.

scholarly journals The energetic basis for smooth human arm movements

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy D Wong ◽  
Tyler Cluff ◽  
Arthur D Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Muscle Force ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Reaching Movements ◽  
Human Arm ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Muscle Force Production ◽  
Human Arm Movements

The central nervous system plans human reaching movements with stereotypically smooth kinematic trajectories and fairly consistent durations. Smoothness seems to be explained by accuracy as a primary movement objective, whereas duration seems to economize energy expenditure. But the current understanding of energy expenditure does not explain smoothness, so that two aspects of the same movement are governed by seemingly incompatible objectives. Here we show that smoothness is actually economical, because humans expend more metabolic energy for jerkier motions. The proposed mechanism is an underappreciated cost proportional to the rate of muscle force production, for calcium transport to activate muscle. We experimentally tested that energy cost in humans (N=10) performing bimanual reaches cyclically. The empirical cost was then demonstrated to predict smooth, discrete reaches, previously attributed to accuracy alone. A mechanistic, physiologically measurable, energy cost may therefore explain both smoothness and duration in terms of economy, and help resolve motor redundancy in reaching movements.

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