scholarly journals Thermal performance curves reveal shifts in optima, limits and breadth in early life

2020 ◽  
Vol 223 (22) ◽  
pp. jeb233254
Author(s):  
Adriana P. Rebolledo ◽  
Carla M. Sgrò ◽  
Keyne Monro
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Development ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Thermal Sensitivity ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Parametric Bootstrapping ◽  
Performance Curves ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Mixed Modelling

ABSTRACTUnderstanding thermal performance at life stages that limit persistence is necessary to predict responses to climate change, especially for ectotherms whose fitness (survival and reproduction) depends on environmental temperature. Ectotherms often undergo stage-specific changes in size, complexity and duration that are predicted to modify thermal performance. Yet performance is mostly explored for adults, while performance at earlier stages that typically limit persistence remains poorly understood. Here, we experimentally isolate thermal performance curves at fertilization, embryo development and larval development stages in an aquatic ectotherm whose early planktonic stages (gametes, embryos and larvae) govern adult abundances and dynamics. Unlike previous studies based on short-term exposures, responses with unclear links to fitness or proxies in lieu of explicit curve descriptors (thermal optima, limits and breadth), we measured performance as successful completion of each stage after exposure throughout, and at temperatures that explicitly capture curve descriptors at all stages. Formal comparisons of descriptors using a combination of generalized linear mixed modelling and parametric bootstrapping reveal important differences among life stages. Thermal performance differs significantly from fertilization to embryo development (with thermal optimum declining by ∼2°C, thermal limits shifting inwards by ∼8–10°C and thermal breadth narrowing by ∼10°C), while performance declines independently of temperature thereafter. Our comparisons show that thermal performance at one life stage can misrepresent performance at others, and point to gains in complexity during embryogenesis, rather than subsequent gains in size or duration of exposure, as a key driver of thermal sensitivity in early life.

scholarly journals Phytoplankton thermal responses adapt in the absence of hard thermodynamic constraints

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitrios - Georgios Kontopoulos ◽  
Erik van Sebille ◽  
Michael Lange ◽  
Gabriel Yvon-Durocher ◽  
Timothy G. Barraclough ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Thermal Sensitivity ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Performance Curve ◽  
Thermal Environments ◽  
Thermal Performance Curve ◽  
Performance Curves ◽  
Minor Influence ◽  
A Minor

AbstractTo better predict how populations and communities respond to climatic temperature variation, it is necessary to understand how the shape of the response of fitness-related traits to temperature evolves (the thermal performance curve). Currently, there is disagreement about the extent to which the evolution of thermal performance curves is constrained. One school of thought has argued for the prevalence of thermodynamic constraints through enzyme kinetics, whereas another argues that adaptation can—at least partly—overcome such constraints. To shed further light on this debate, we perform a phylogenetic meta-analysis of the thermal performance curves of growth rate of phytoplankton—a globally important functional group—, controlling for environmental effects (habitat type and thermal regime). We find that thermodynamic constraints have a minor influence on the shape of the curve. In particular, we detect a very weak increase of maximum performance with the temperature at which the curve peaks, suggesting a weak “hotter-is-better” constraint. Also, instead of a constant thermal sensitivity of growth across species, as might be expected from strong constraints, we find that all aspects of the thermal performance curve evolve along the phylogeny. Our results suggest that phytoplankton thermal performance curves adapt to thermal environments largely in the absence of hard thermodynamic constraints.

Toxicity of TFM (Lampricide) to Six Early Life Stages of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1047-1052 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Olson ◽  
L. L. Marking
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
Margin Of Safety ◽  
Coexisting Species

The lampricide TFM (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol) was tested against the following life stages of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): green eggs, eyed eggs, sac fry, swim-up fry, fry, and fingerlings in four water hardnesses (12, 44, 170, and 320 mg/liter as CaCO3). The eyed-egg stage was one of the most resistant stages tested, and the sac-fry stage was one of the least resistant. Increased water hardness decreases toxicity to all stages. The LC50’s range from 0.532 mg/liter to 40.0 mg/liter depending upon life stage, water hardness, and duration of exposure. The margin of safety for coexisting species exposed to TFM ranges from 3.2 to 4.1 in natural waters. The margin of safety for early life stages of rainbow trout and larval lamprey under controlled laboratory conditions ranges from 4.2 to 12.2. Therefore, all six early life stages of rainbow trout are safe in minimum lampricidal concentrations of TFM.

Lethality of Low pH and Al to Early Life Stages of Six Fish Species Inhabiting PreCambrian Shield Waters in Ontario

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 1188-1202 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Holtze ◽  
N. J. Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Largemouth Bass ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Early Life Stage ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Smallmouth Bass ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
White Sucker ◽  
Lake Whitefish ◽  
Early Life Stages

Lethality of low pH and Al to egg and fry stages of common shiner (Notropis cornutus), white sucker (Catostomus commersoni), walleye (Stizostedion vitreum), lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui), and largemouth bass (M. salmoides) was determined in a series of laboratory tests in soft (Ca = 4.0 mg/L) water. Low pH was lethal to cleavage eggs in the first 4 d of exposure, to eyed eggs in the immediate prehatch period and to fry following their transition to branchial respiration. Early life stage response to Al was determined by their sensitivity to low pH. Al prolonged survival of cleavage eggs at pH = 4.2, was detrimental to eyed eggs and fry at pH 4.4–5.4 and was most lethal within 0.3 pH units of the pH which was lethal in the absence of Al. In situ distribution of four of the six species was adequately explained by lethality of low pH alone to cleavage eggs or fry. Sensitivity to low pH and Al produced estimates of pH > 5.9 (common shiner), pH > 5.4 (lake whitefish, white sucker, walleye), and pH > 5.1 (smallmouth and largemouth bass) for survival of early life stages in acidified waters.

scholarly journals The effect of life stages on needs satisfied by credit used, according to Alderfer’s existence relatedness growth theory

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 324-333
Author(s):  
A. Botha ◽  
J.M.P. Venter
Keyword(s):  
Family Life ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Early Life Stage ◽  
Growth Theory ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
Product Usage ◽  
The Past ◽  
Educational Programmes

The increase in household debt in South Africa over the past decade illustrates the importance of analysing credit usage. This study investigated the individual’s financial needs satisfied when using credit and the effect of life stage on the needs satisfied. The financial needs satisfied when using credit were analysed according to life stages using Alderfer’s existence relatedness growth (ERG) theory as a framework. The results indicated that credit usage is influenced by an individual’s life stage. This study found that individuals across all life stages mainly use credit to satisfy their existence needs. Although individuals in their single life stages used less credit products than individuals in their family life stages, it was worrisome to ascertain that mature couples had the highest average credit product usage. The findings suggest that individuals fall into the debt trap in their early life stage, resulting in them being unable to save income in the high-income-producing years in order to be able to dissave after retirement. It is suggested that educational programmes targeting the early life stages should be introduced to prevent individuals from becoming overindebted.

scholarly journals Cross-Life Stage Effects of Aquatic Larval Density and Terrestrial Moisture on Growth and Corticosterone in the Spotted Salamander

Diversity ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Charbonnier ◽  
Jacquelyn Pearlmutter ◽  
James Vonesh ◽  
Caitlin Gabor ◽  
Zachery Forsburg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Larval Density ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
Release Rates ◽  
Specific Growth Rates ◽  
Corticosterone Release

For organisms with complex life cycles, conditions experienced during early life stages may constrain later growth and survival. Conversely, compensatory mechanisms may attenuate negative effects from early life stages. We used the spotted salamander, Ambystoma maculatum, to test how aquatic larval density and terrestrial moisture influence juvenile growth, food intake, evaporative water loss and water reuptake rates, and corticosterone levels. We conducted an outdoor mesocosm experiment to manipulate larval density and transferred metamorphosed salamanders into low and high terrestrial moisture treatments in laboratory terrariums. After the larval stage, high-density salamanders were significantly smaller and had higher corticosterone release rates than those from low-density treatments. Salamanders in the low terrestrial moisture treatment consumed fewer roaches, had lower mass-specific growth rates, higher water reuptake, and higher corticosterone release rates than salamanders in high terrestrial moisture treatments. Across moisture treatments, smaller salamanders had higher mass-specific growth rates than larger salamanders. Our results suggest that salamanders can partially compensate for competition in the larval aquatic habitat with increased growth as juveniles, but this response is dependent on terrestrial habitat quality. Thus, the persistence of early life stage effects can be an important, yet context-dependent, component of amphibian life cycles.

scholarly journals Nestled in the city heat: urban nesting behavior enhances embryo development of an invasive lizard

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarin Tiatragul ◽  
Joshua M Hall ◽  
Daniel A Warner
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Development ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Population Persistence ◽  
Nesting Behavior ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
Suburban Site

Abstract Urbanization transforms many aspects of natural landscapes and poses many new challenges for individual survival and population persistence. Thus, urbanization provides an opportunity to examine how organisms deal with novel environmental change. Many studies provide evidence of phenotypic adaptation to urban environments, but few focus on responses during early life stages. Filling this information gap is important, because early life stages are particularly sensitive to abiotic factors, and no population is sustainable without successful embryo development. We tested the hypotheses that (i) embryos tolerate warmer temperature conditions of urbanized areas and (ii) maternal nesting behavior protects embryos from potentially lethal thermal conditions in urbanized habitats. We studied introduced populations of a subtropical lizard, Anolis cristatellus, in suburban and forested areas in Miami, Florida. In each habitat, we measured microenvironment variables for locations that females used for nesting vs. locations they did not use. We then incubated eggs from both populations under thermal conditions that mimicked used and unused sites. Nests in the suburban site were warmer than in the forest; however, in the suburban site, locations that females used were relatively cool compared with locations that were not used. We found no evidence that embryos are adapted to their respective suburban or forested thermal environments, but rather maternal nest-site choice enhanced embryo development in the suburban habitat. Maternal nesting behavior is likely an important factor for population persistence under major environmental changes, and a key contributor to the establishment and spread of invasive organisms across urbanized landscapes.

scholarly journals Heat hardening capacity in Drosophila melanogaster is life stage-specific and juveniles show the highest plasticity

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 20180628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neda N. Moghadam ◽  
Tarmo Ketola ◽  
Cino Pertoldi ◽  
Simon Bahrndorff ◽  
Torsten N. Kristensen
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Heat Resistance ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Thermal Sensitivity ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
High Plasticity ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Heat Hardening ◽  
The Impact

Variations in stress resistance and adaptive plastic responses during ontogeny have rarely been addressed, despite the possibility that differences between life stages can affect species' range margins and thermal tolerance. Here, we assessed the thermal sensitivity and hardening capacity of Drosophila melanogaster across developmental stages from larval to the adult stage. We observed strong differences between life stages in heat resistance, with adults being most heat resistant followed by puparia , pupae and larvae . The impact of heat hardening (1 h at 35°C) on heat resistance changed during ontogeny, with the highest positive effect of hardening observed in puparia and pupae and the lowest in adults. These results suggest that immobile life stages ( puparia and pupae ) have evolved high plasticity in upper thermal limits whereas adults and larvae rely more on behavioural responses to heat stress allowing them to escape from extreme high temperatures. While most studies on the plasticity of heat resistance in ectotherms have focused on the adult life stage, our findings emphasize the crucial importance of juvenile life stages of arthropods in understanding the thermal biology and life stage-specific physiological responses to variable and stressful high temperatures. Failure to acknowledge this complication might lead to biased estimates of species' ability to cope with environmental changes, such as climate change.

Values Across the Lifespan

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-25
Author(s):  
Nancy S. Jecker
Keyword(s):  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
Focal Value ◽  
Infancy And Childhood ◽  
The Face

Chapter 1 introduces the chief claim and main argument of the book, which we call the life stage relativity of values. This is the claim that different values matter more at different stages of our lives. During early life, caring, trust, and nurturing ought to figure prominently, due to the vulnerabilities and needs that characterize infancy and childhood. By young adulthood, the capacity to develop greater physical and emotional independence makes autonomy a focal value. During later life, we face heightened risk for chronic disease and disability, which makes maintaining capabilities central, and, in the face of loss, keeping dignity intact. Chapter 1 raises the concern that moral theories reflect life stage bias, in particular, midlife bias. Midlife bias consists of applying the values central during midlife to all life stages. Countering it requires addressing empirical, conceptual, and psychological naïveté and situating values within the context of life stages.

Effects of triclosan on Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes ) during embryo development, early life stage and reproduction

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 544-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshifumi Horie ◽  
Takahiro Yamagishi ◽  
Hiroko Takahashi ◽  
Taisen Iguchi ◽  
Norihisa Tatarazako
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Development ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Oryzias Latipes ◽  
Early Life Stage ◽  
Japanese Medaka
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