The impact of long-term reduced access to cleaner fish on health indicators of resident client fish

Albert F. H. Ros; David Nusbaumer; Zegni Triki; Alexandra S. Grutter; Redouan Bshary

doi:10.1242/jeb.231613

The impact of long-term reduced access to cleaner fish on health indicators of resident client fish

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.231613 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 223 (24) ◽

pp. jeb231613

Author(s):

Albert F. H. Ros ◽

David Nusbaumer ◽

Zegni Triki ◽

Alexandra S. Grutter ◽

Redouan Bshary

Keyword(s):

Body Condition ◽

Health Indicators ◽

Reef Fishes ◽

Cleaner Fish ◽

Pomacentrus Amboinensis ◽

Experimental Project ◽

Amblyglyphidodon Curacao ◽

Year 2000 ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACTIn many mutualisms, benefits in the form of food are exchanged for services such as transport or protection. In the marine cleaning mutualism, a variety of ‘client’ reef fishes offer ‘cleaner’ fish Labroides dimidiatus access to food in the form of their ectoparasites, where parasite removal supposedly protects the clients. Yet, the health benefits individual clients obtain in the long term from repeated ectoparasite removal remain relatively unknown. Here, we tested whether long-term reduced access to cleaning services alters indicators of health status such as body condition, immunity and the steroids cortisol and testosterone in four client damselfish species Pomacentrus amboinensis, Amblyglyphidodon curacao, Acanthochromis polyacanthus and Dischistodus perspicillatus. To do so, we took advantage of a long-term experimental project in which several small reefs around Lizard Island (Great Barrier Reef, Australia) have been maintained cleaner-free since the year 2000, while control reefs had their cleaner presence continuously monitored. We found that the four damselfish species from reef sites without cleaners for 13 years had lower body condition than fish from reefs with cleaners. However, immunity measurements and cortisol and testosterone levels did not differ between experimental groups. Our findings suggest that clients use the energetic benefits derived from long-term access to cleaning services to selectively increase body condition, rather than altering hormonal or immune system functions.

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The Impact of Exchange Rate on Bangladesh’s Export: A Cointegration Approach

Journal of Economics Management and Trade ◽

10.9734/jemt/2020/v26i730271 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 22-30

Author(s):

Takrima Sayeda

Keyword(s):

Exchange Rate ◽

Foreign Exchange Market ◽

Export Performance ◽

Long Run ◽

Time Period ◽

Floating Exchange Rate ◽

Short Run ◽

Year 2000 ◽

The Impact

The purpose of the paper is to see if there is any relationship exist between free floating exchange rate and export performance of Bangladesh. It inspects the monthly data of exchange rate and export value for the time period between year 2000 and 2017. It utilized the Johansen [1] cointegration approach to identify the extent of long run and short run relationship between them. The study could not establish neither any long term trend nor any short term dynamics between the variables. Respective variables are significantly related to their own immediate past values. Distant past values do not have any implications. This study suggests that short run macroeconomic policy would be beneficial to influence the foreign exchange market and eventually the performance of export of Bangladesh.

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What the impact of the economic crisis on the Brazilian’s lifestyle between 2013 and 2016? A long-term trend cross-sectional study.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-26007/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sonny Állan Bezerra ◽

Denilson Menezes Santos ◽

Michele Maria Oliveira ◽

Claudia Vanisse Costa ◽

Elaynne de Oliveira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Economic Crisis ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Health Indicators ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sharp Drop ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Impact ◽

Long Term Trend

Abstract Background: Brazil has been going through a period of economic crisis since 2015 and the impact on health indicators and the quality of life of the most recent crisis is unclear. This study sought to establish a relationship between the impact of the economic crisis experienced by Brazil during the period 2013-2016 and the lifestyle of adult populations in the 27 capitals of the Brazilian state.Results: According to the binary logistic regression model, at least completing secondary education increases the probability of individuals presenting higher LS by 4.9% (OR=1,049, 95% CI 1,029–1,070); being involved in some type of relationship decreases the probability of presenting a higher LS by 5.3% (OR=0.947, 95% CI 0.029-0.965); having an adequate body mass index increases LS by 27.3% (OR=1.273, 95% CI 1,245.10.10). Living in a city with a lower unemployment rate increases the probability of having a higher LS score by 3.8%(OR=1,038, 95% CI 1,012-1.064); living in a city with a more basic food basket decreases the probability of having a higher LS score by 5.4% (OR=0.946, 95% CI 0.910-0.982). Presenting higher yields decreases the probability of having a higher LS by 12% (OR=0.880, 95% CI 0.860-0.900). In addition, there was an increase in the percentage of leisure-time PA in 2015 (20.9%), followed by a decrease to 18.1% in 2016, after a stabilization period in 2013 (19.5%) and 2014 (19.6%). The physical exercise showed a steady annual increase, with a score of 49.6% in 2013, followed by 50.9% and 51.9% in 2014 and 2015, respectively, and ending with 54.5% in 2016. The "Watch TV 5x per week" indicator recorded a sharp drop between 2013 (27.9%) and 2015 (22.7%), as well as the consumption of soft drinks, which went from stable values in 2013 (19.5%) and 2014 (19%) 17.3% in 2015.Conclusion: In the case of Brazil, the economic crisis initially started in 2015 had a negative impact on the population over time, but these effects were only observed in the second year of crisis, being preceded by a temporary improvement of indicators.

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Changes in Health Indicators of Welfare in Group-Housed Shelter Cats

Frontiers in Veterinary Science ◽

10.3389/fvets.2021.701346 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Veronika Vojtkovská ◽

Eva Voslářová ◽

Vladimír Večerek

Keyword(s):

Optimal Condition ◽

Body Condition ◽

Health Indicators ◽

Well Being ◽

The Body ◽

Respiratory Sounds ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Welfare Indicators ◽

Abnormal Posture

The aim of this study was to detect changes in health-oriented welfare indicators of shelter cats housed in a shelter by means of long-term monitoring of health indicators of welfare in a population of group-housed cats in a private, no-kill shelter in the Czech Republic. The cat population housed in a large group was monitored for 1 year. The data recording took place at 2-week intervals. A total of 220 cats were evaluated using a protocol containing eight health-oriented welfare indicators: body condition, third eye visibility, eye discharge, eye irritation, nose discharge, the presence of pathologically induced respiratory sounds, coat condition, and lameness and abnormal posture. The assessment was performed based on the observation by two trained evaluators. The cats' condition was rated on a 5-point scale for each indicator, where the optimal condition was represented by the score of 1 and a severe deterioration by the score of 5 for the given indicator, except for the body condition indicator, where the optimal condition was represented by the score of 3. A deterioration in the score in at least one of the indicators during the stay in the shelter was recorded in 52 (41.6%) of 125 cats that were assessed at least twice. The effect of the LOS, sex and age on the scores for each health indicator was examined via a linear mixed model analysis, as this method allows for handling of dependencies in the data of repeated measurements. The effect of predictors on the third eye visibility scores was not found. The age of cats predicted the coat condition and body condition scores. The LOS predicted scores of the abnormal posture and lameness indicator and scores of a composite index composed of indicators related to upper respiratory tract disease. The results suggest that despite the fact that some improvement of health was documented during the cats' stay in the shelter, there were a non-negligible number of animals experiencing a permanent or long-term deterioration in health. Efforts to minimize the undesirable factors contributing to the deterioration of well-being of cats during their stay in a shelter should be made.

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Otolith chemistry indicates recent worsened Baltic cod condition is linked to hypoxia exposure

Biology Letters ◽

10.1098/rsbl.2019.0352 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (12) ◽

pp. 20190352 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Karin E. Limburg ◽

Michele Casini

Keyword(s):

Body Condition ◽

Strongly Correlated ◽

Hypoxia Exposure ◽

The Past ◽

Benthic Food ◽

Lifetime Exposure ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship ◽

Baltic Cod

Deoxygenation worldwide is increasing in aquatic systems with implications for organisms' biology, communities and ecosystems. Eastern Baltic cod has experienced a strong decline in mean body condition (i.e. weight at a specific length) over the past 20 years with effects on the fishery relying on this resource. The decrease in cod condition has been tentatively linked in the literature to increased hypoxic areas potentially affecting habitat range, but also to benthic prey and/or cod physiology directly. To date, no studies have been performed to test these mechanisms. Using otolith trace element microchemistry and hypoxia-responding metrics based on manganese (Mn) and magnesium (Mg), we investigated the relationship between fish body condition at capture and exposure to hypoxia. Cod individuals collected after 2000 with low body condition had a higher level of Mn/Mg in the last year of life, indicating higher exposure to hypoxic waters than cod with high body condition. Moreover, lifetime exposure to hypoxia was even more strongly correlated to body condition, suggesting that condition may reflect long-term hypoxia status. These results were irrespective of fish age or sex. This implies that as Baltic cod visit poor-oxygen waters, perhaps searching for benthic food, they compromise their own performance. This study specifically sheds light on the mechanisms leading to the low condition of cod and generally points to the impact of deoxygenation on ecosystems and fisheries.

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Body fat content and feeding level interact strongly in the short- and medium-term regulation of plasma leptin during underfeeding and re-feeding in adult sheep

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114507704968 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 98 (1) ◽

pp. 106-115 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Carole Delavaud ◽

François Bocquier ◽

René Baumont ◽

Elodie Chaillou ◽

Tomomi Ban-Tokuda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Condition ◽

Medium Term ◽

Short Term ◽

Feeding Level ◽

Adult Sheep ◽

Body Fat Content ◽

Term Energy ◽

Plasma Leptin ◽

The Impact

Circulating leptin is regulated by food intake in the long, medium and short term; however, little is known about putative remnant effects of these successive regulations at any given time. To clarify this, two experiments were conducted in adult sheep, during which body condition parameters and plasma leptin were measured. During experiment 1, twenty ewes with normal body condition were either well fed (101 % of maintenance energy requirements (MER)) or underfed (41 % MER) for 166 d, then rapidly re-fed (at a mean of 208 % MER) for 3 d. Leptinaemia decreased after 14 d of underfeeding, remained depressed until day 166 and did not increase after 3 d re-feeding, whereas it was increased (+153 %;P < 0·05) by re-feeding the previously well-fed ewes. During experiment 2, twenty-four fat or lean ewes were either well fed (114 % MER) or underfed (52 % MER) for 94 d, and gradually re-fed for 2 d and maintained at a high feeding level (235 % MER) for 9 d. Underfeeding decreased leptinaemia in fat (from 4·19 to 2·63 ng/ml) but not lean ewes, and re-feeding increased leptinaemia after 5 d in lean previously well-fed (+123 %;P < 0·05) but not underfed ewes. In fat ewes, the impact of re-feeding was rapid (+144 %;P < 0·001 at 5 d) in previously well-fed ewes, whereas it was more gradual with a maximum at 11 d (+162 %;P < 0·01) in previously underfed ewes. In conclusion, leptinaemia is modulated by short-term energy intake level in interaction with long-term regulations involving nutritional history and body fatness, suggesting that a biological threshold of adiposity (about 20 %) is necessary to allow short- and medium-term leptin regulation.

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The Impact of Trade Liberalization on the Manufacturing Sector in Jordan

Journal of Sustainable Development ◽

10.5539/jsd.v10n1p34 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 34 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mohammad Alawin ◽

Bader Obeidat ◽

Muawiya Attiyat ◽

Buthaina Muhtaseb ◽

Ghazi Al-Assaf ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Structural Changes ◽

Manufacturing Sector ◽

Trade Openness ◽

Monthly Period ◽

The Government ◽

Year 2000 ◽

The Impact ◽

Second Period ◽

Cointegration Relationship

This study examines the impact of the degree of trade openness, real exchange rate (RER) and the level of imports on the production of the manufacturing sector in Jordan for the monthly period (1992-2012). This study applies the Chow test for structural changes. The results show that the year 2000, when Jordan officially joined the World Trade Organization (WTO), represents a year of structural change. Thus, the study has divided the full period into two sub-periods. In addition, the results of the study indicate the absence of a cointegration relationship over the period leading up to Jordan's accession to the WTO. The period that follows the trade openness has shown the presence of cointegration and long-term relationship among the variables. Specifically, for the second period, the study found that the degree of trade openness has a positive and a statistically significant effect on the manufacturing production. Therefore, the study recommends that the government continue to support the manufacturing sector and not to raise any input costs on it, especially given the relatively high cost of fuel and electricity. This should keep the competitiveness of this sector relatively high.

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Suppressed, but Not Forgotten

Swiss Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1024/1421-0185/a000033 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 70 (1) ◽

pp. 5-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Beat Meier ◽

Anja König ◽

Samuel Parak ◽

Katharina Henke

Keyword(s):

Memory Trace ◽

Thought Suppression ◽

Test Phase ◽

Indirect Test ◽

Final Test ◽

Test Experiment ◽

And Control ◽

Cue Words ◽

The Impact

This study investigates the impact of thought suppression over a 1-week interval. In two experiments with 80 university students each, we used the think/no-think paradigm in which participants initially learn a list of word pairs (cue-target associations). Then they were presented with some of the cue words again and should either respond with the target word or avoid thinking about it. In the final test phase, their memory for the initially learned cue-target pairs was tested. In Experiment 1, type of memory test was manipulated (i.e., direct vs. indirect). In Experiment 2, type of no-think instructions was manipulated (i.e., suppress vs. substitute). Overall, our results showed poorer memory for no-think and control items compared to think items across all experiments and conditions. Critically, however, more no-think than control items were remembered after the 1-week interval in the direct, but not in the indirect test (Experiment 1) and with thought suppression, but not thought substitution instructions (Experiment 2). We suggest that during thought suppression a brief reactivation of the learned association may lead to reconsolidation of the memory trace and hence to better retrieval of suppressed than control items in the long term.

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