scholarly journals Regulation of dietary intake of protein and lipid by nurse-age adult worker honeybees

2020 ◽  
pp. jeb.230615
Author(s):  
Daniel Stabler ◽  
Mushtaq Al-Esawy ◽  
Jennifer A. Chennells ◽  
Giorgia Perri ◽  
Alexandria Robinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Queen Pheromone ◽  
Behavioural State ◽  
Hypopharyngeal Glands ◽  
Optimal Balance ◽  
Adult Worker ◽  
Optimal Values

Essential macronutrients are critical to the fitness and survival of animals. Many studies have shown that animals regulate the amount of protein and carbohydrate they eat for optimal performance. Regulation of dietary fat is important but less often studied. Honeybees collect and consume floral pollen to obtain protein and fat but how they achieve the optimal balance of these two macronutrients is presently unknown. Here, using chemically defined diets composed of essential amino acids and lipids (lecithin), we show that adult worker honeybees actively regulate their intake of lipids around optimal values relative to protein in diet. We found that broodless, nurse-age worker honeybees consume foods to achieve a ratio between 1:2 and 1:3 (essential amino acids:lipid) or ∼1.25:1 protein:fat. Bees fed diets relatively high in fat gained abdominal fat and had enlarged hypopharyngeal glands. In most cases, eating diets high in fat did not result in increased mortality. Importantly, we also discovered that the total quantity of food the bees ate increased when they were given a choice of two diets relatively high in fat, implying that dietary fat influences bee nutritional state in a way that in turn, influences behaviour. We speculate that dietary fat plays a critical role in maintaining workers in the nurse-like behavioural state independently of the influence of queen pheromone.

Influence of amount and type of dietary fat on deposition, adipocyte count and iodine number of abdominal fat in broiler chickens

2007 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
pp. 070630083601001-??? ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Wongsuthavas ◽  
S. Terapuntuwat ◽  
W. Wongsrikeaw ◽  
S. Katawatin ◽  
C. Yuangklang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Number ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Abdominal Fat

scholarly journals Sub-Saharan Africa’s rail freight transport system: Potential impact of densification on cost

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anneke De Bod ◽  
Jan Havenga
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Rail Freight ◽  
Optimal Balance ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Significant Cost Reduction ◽  
Ssa Countries

The main response to sub-Saharan Africa’s (SSA) challenges has been foreign aid. Yet, despite the large amounts received, the challenges remain. There is an opportunity to consider a different model with less focus on aid and more on investment. In the transport sector specifically, investment decisions should be informed by a longterm optimal balance between different transport modes. The research presented in this paper highlights the significant cost reduction opportunities possible through the densification of rail freight, especially over longer distances, with concomitant implications for increased profitability for rail operators. The densification opportunity should also place a core focus on transport corridors being developed throughout the region. SSA countries themselves can play a critical role in unlocking this potential through, inter alia, simplifying regional economic communities and taking the lead in structuring agreements with the international community.

scholarly journals Harmonious Wireless Networks: From the Perspective of Interference Management

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Networks ◽  
Wireless Network ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Interference Management ◽  
Traditional Culture ◽  
Optimal Performance ◽  
Communication Link ◽  
Chinese Traditional Culture ◽  
Optimal Balance ◽  
Yin And Yang

<p> In wireless networks, the desired signal of a specific user is typically an undesired interfering signal for untended receivers. However, from the perspective of an entire wireless network, the coexistence of useful signals and interfering signals is unavoidable and often is beneficial in throughput terms. The useful signals and interfering signals are complementary. They are in juxtaposition to each other in the context of a single communication link, while they are in symbiosis within the framework of the networks, which can be described by Chinese traditional culture symbol of “Yin” and “Yang”. A wireless network having optimal performance must be a harmonious network, where the interfering and useful signals harmoniously coexist in an optimal balance. Interference management plays the critical role in arriving at this optimal balance. </p>

scholarly journals The critical role of primer pheromones in maintaining insect sociality

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 221-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham Hefetz
Keyword(s):  
Social Evolution ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Queen Pheromone ◽  
Social Hymenoptera ◽  
Queen Pheromones ◽  
Unequivocal Identification ◽  
Strict Regulation ◽  
Insect Sociality ◽  
And Function ◽  
Primer Pheromones

Abstract Primer pheromones play a pivotal role in the biology and social organization of insect societies. Despite their importance, they have been less studied because of the complexity of the required bioassays and, consequently, only a few of them have been chemically identified to date. The major primer pheromones are that of the queen pheromones that regulate reproductive skew and maintain colony cohesion and function. From a theoretical viewpoint, several features regarding the chemistry of queen pheromones can be predicted. They should be generally nonvolatile in order to avoid saturation of the colony space, which might otherwise hamper their perception because of sensory habituation. Accordingly, they should be actively dispersed throughout the colony by workers. The queen pheromone should also be caste-specific, qualitatively different from any worker pheromone, and preferably multicomponent, to allow unequivocal identification of the queen. The bi-potency of the female larvae in social Hymenoptera to become queen or worker necessitates strict regulation over pheromone production. Indeed, in the honeybee, the biosynthetic pathways as well as the genomic expressions are completely disparate between queens and workers. Future advances in chemical analyses, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics will enrich our understanding of the chemistry, mechanisms, and crucial role that primer pheromones play in social evolution.

scholarly journals Effects of essential amino acids on lipid metabolism in mice and humans

2016 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Xiao ◽  
Ying Du ◽  
Ziquan Lv ◽  
Shanghai Chen ◽  
Jianmin Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Chinese Han Population ◽  
Chinese Han ◽  
Han Population ◽  
Dietary Deficiency

Eight amino acids are considered essential for human nutrition, and three of them, including leucine, isoleucine and valine, are called as branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). We recently discovered that dietary deficiency of any BCAA for 7 days rapidly reduces the abdominal fat mass in mice. The goal of this study was to investigate (1) whether dietary deficiency of the other five essential amino acids (EAAs), including phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, methionine and lysine, would produce similar effects and (2) whether an association between serum AAs and obesity was observed in humans in Chinese Han population. Similar to BCAAs deprivation, dietary deficiency of any of these five EAAs for 7 days significantly reduced abdominal fat mass, which is likely caused by increased energy expenditure. Expression of genes and proteins related to lipolysis, however, were differentially regulated by different EAAs. These results suggest a crucial role of EAAs deprivation on lipid metabolism in mice. Our human studies revealed that levels of four EAAs (leucine, isoleucine, valine and phenylalanine) were elevated in obese humans compared with those in lean controls in Chinese Han population. Based on the results obtained from mice, we speculate that these four EAAs might play important roles in human obesity.

scholarly journals The effectiveness of using glucose-fructose syrup for feeding bees in under cover conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (93) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
V. M. Nedashkivskyi
Keyword(s):  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Corn Starch ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Hypopharyngeal Glands ◽  
Sugar Syrup ◽  
Coal Core ◽  
Exchange Resins ◽  
Bee Colonies

The beekeeping practice provides for using stimulating feeding of the bee colonies in order to accelerate their growth and development. Sugar syrup is usually used to feeding bees. Despite the obvious benefits, sugar syrup use as a feed additive which has a number of disadvantages. This is due to the different origin of such syrup (beet, sugarcane, corn, fructose syrup, etc.) and, accordingly, different effects on the physiological and metabolic processes of the body and the life of bees and their colonies as a whole. In recent years, scientific research has intensified in many countries of the world to find new substitutes for sugar syrup to feed bee colonies. One of the artificial substitutes for carbohydrate feed to bees is glucose-fructose syrup content of reducing sugars close to honey and exceed to invert syrup. Glucose-fructose syrup is produced mainly from high-quality corn starch by enzymatic hydrolysis to glucose, followed by isomerization part of glucose into fructose and subsequent purification through coal core and ion exchange resins. It contains all the essential amino acids, trace elements, B vitamins, and does not require the release of a large amount of enzyme by bees, as is in the case of sugar syrup. Its use as a feed additive increases the bees life span does not lead them to expired, preserves the activity of their hypopharyngeal glands and allows to put food directly into the cells. The article presents results of the research on the effectiveness of stimulating the development of bee colonies and pollination of cucumbers in under cover conditions for using glucose-fructose syrup. It has found that for stimulating feeding of the bee colonies are used glucose-fructose syrup at the rate of 200 g per day in under cover conditions, against the background of the presence sufficient feed honey and bee bread in the nests, contributes to an increase the amount of brood grown by 13.5 % (P < 0.01) and the amount of pollen brought by them by 20.1 %.

scholarly journals Harmonious Wireless Networks: From the Perspective of Interference Management

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Networks ◽  
Wireless Network ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Interference Management ◽  
Traditional Culture ◽  
Optimal Performance ◽  
Communication Link ◽  
Chinese Traditional Culture ◽  
Optimal Balance ◽  
Yin And Yang

<p> In wireless networks, the desired signal of a specific user is typically an undesired interfering signal for untended receivers. However, from the perspective of an entire wireless network, the coexistence of useful signals and interfering signals is unavoidable and often is beneficial in throughput terms. The useful signals and interfering signals are complementary. They are in juxtaposition to each other in the context of a single communication link, while they are in symbiosis within the framework of the networks, which can be described by Chinese traditional culture symbol of “Yin” and “Yang”. A wireless network having optimal performance must be a harmonious network, where the interfering and useful signals harmoniously coexist in an optimal balance. Interference management plays the critical role in arriving at this optimal balance. </p>

scholarly journals Effect of Propolis Oral Intake on Physiological Condition of Young Worker Honey Bees, Apis Mellifera L.

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Damiani ◽  
Martín P. Porrini ◽  
Juan P. Lancia ◽  
Estefanía Álvarez ◽  
Paula M. Garrido ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Physiological Condition ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Hypopharyngeal Glands ◽  
Fat Bodies

Abstract Honey bees collect resin from various plant species and transform it into propolis that is incorporated into the nest. The role of resins in the bee health field is poorly understood. The aim was to evaluate the effects of forced consumption of propolis on the physiological condition and short-term survival of Apis mellifera worker bees. It was tested if the number of circulating hemocytes in hemolymph, the abdominal fat bodies and the hypopharyngeal glands development were affected by the feeding with propolis extracts in laboratory conditions during the warm and the cold seasons. Propolis added to sugar candy was consumed by workers for fourteen days without affecting the bee survival. The number of circulating hemocytes in hemolymph remained constant despite the differential diet during the experiment. However, the development of fat bodies and hypopharyngeal glands was altered by propolis ingestion. The abdominal fat body development in winter bees diminished after fourteen days of propolis consumption, while it increased in summer bees. The hypopharyngeal gland development decreased for the assayed period in workers from both seasons. Our results encourage us to continue exploring this research field and learn how long-term forced ingestion of a plant-derived compound, a non-nutritive substance, can modify physiological bee parameters. A broader understanding of the multiple roles of propolis in the health of the honey bee colonies could be obtained by studying the ways in which it is processed and metabolized and the effect that generates in another physiological responses.

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