scholarly journals Sickness behaviors across vertebrate taxa: proximate and ultimate mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 224 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia C. Lopes ◽  
Susannah S. French ◽  
Douglas C. Woodhams ◽  
Sandra A. Binning
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Acute Phase Response ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
The World ◽  
Sickness Behaviors ◽  
Sleeping Sites ◽  
Individual And Sex Differences

ABSTRACT There is nothing like a pandemic to get the world thinking about how infectious diseases affect individual behavior. In this respect, sick animals can behave in ways that are dramatically different from healthy animals: altered social interactions and changes to patterns of eating and drinking are all hallmarks of sickness. As a result, behavioral changes associated with inflammatory responses (i.e. sickness behaviors) have important implications for disease spread by affecting contacts with others and with common resources, including water and/or sleeping sites. In this Review, we summarize the behavioral modifications, including changes to thermoregulatory behaviors, known to occur in vertebrates during infection, with an emphasis on non-mammalian taxa, which have historically received less attention. We then outline and discuss our current understanding of the changes in physiology associated with the production of these behaviors and highlight areas where more research is needed, including an exploration of individual and sex differences in the acute phase response and a greater understanding of the ecophysiological implications of sickness behaviors for disease at the population level.

COVID-19 Pandemic: Experiences in China and Implications for its Prevention and Treatment Worldwide

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 410-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning-Ning Liu ◽  
Jing-Cong Tan ◽  
Jingquan Li ◽  
Shenghui Li ◽  
Yong Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
International Community ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Global Dynamics ◽  
The World ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
History Of

The outbreak of COVID-19 due to SARS-CoV-2 originally emerged in Wuhan in December 2019. As of March 22, 2020, the disease spread to 186 countries, with at least 305,275 confirmed cases. Although there has been a decline in the spread of the disease in China, the prevalence of COVID-19 around the world remains serious despite containment efforts undertaken by national authorities and the international community. In this article, we systematically review the brief history of COVID-19 and its epidemic and clinical characteristics, highlighting the strategies used to control and prevent the disease in China, which may help other countries respond to the outbreak. This pandemic emphasizes the need to be constantly alert to shifts in both the global dynamics and the contexts of individual countries, making sure that all are aware of which approaches are successful for the prevention, containment and treatment of new diseases, and being flexible enough to adapt the responses accordingly.

scholarly journals Patterns of variation in the rDNA cistron within and among world populations of a mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse).

Genetics ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-550
Author(s):  
W C Black ◽  
D K McLain ◽  
K S Rai
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Restriction Map ◽  
Repeat Region ◽  
Molecular Drive ◽  
Nontranscribed Spacer ◽  
Coding Regions ◽  
The World ◽  
Ribosomal Cistron

Abstract A restriction map was constructed of the ribosomal cistron in a mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse). The 18s, 28s and nontranscribed spacer (NTS) regions were subcloned and used to probe for intraspecific variation. Seventeen populations were examined throughout the world range of the species. No variation was detected in the coding regions but extensive and continuous variation existed in the NTS. The NTS consisted of two nonhomologous regions. The first region contained multiple 190-bp AluI repeats nested within larger XhoI repeats of various sizes. There was a large number of length variants in the AluI repeat region of the NTS. No repeats were found in the second region and it gave rise to relatively fewer variants. An analysis of NTS diversity in individual mosquitoes indicated that most of the diversity arose at the population level. Discriminant analysis was performed on spacer types in individual mosquitoes and demonstrated that individuals within a population carried a unique set of spacers. In contrast with studies of the NTS in Drosophila populations, there seems to be little conservation of spacers in a population. The importance of molecular drive relative to drift and selection in the generation of local population differentiation is discussed.

Facework on Social Media in China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoli Tian ◽  
Qian Li
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Interpersonal Interactions ◽  
The World ◽  
Online Spaces ◽  
The Face ◽  
Different Parts

With more social interactions shifting to online venues, the different attributes of major social media sites in China influence how interpersonal interactions are carried out. Despite the lack of physical co-presence online, face culture is extended to online spaces. On social media, Chinese users tend to protect their own face, give face to others, and avoid discrediting the face of others, especially when their online and offline networks overlap. This chapter also discusses the different methods used to study facework online and offline and how facework is studied in different parts of the world. It concludes with a brief discussion of how sociological research has contributed to the study of social media in China and directions for future research.

scholarly journals A global quantification of “normal” sleep schedules using smartphone data

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. e1501705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia J. Walch ◽  
Amy Cochran ◽  
Daniel B. Forger
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Sleep Scheduling ◽  
Sleep Habits ◽  
Wake Time ◽  
Sleep Timing ◽  
The World ◽  
Primary Determinant ◽  
Normal Sleep

The influence of the circadian clock on sleep scheduling has been studied extensively in the laboratory; however, the effects of society on sleep remain largely unquantified. We show how a smartphone app that we have developed, ENTRAIN, accurately collects data on sleep habits around the world. Through mathematical modeling and statistics, we find that social pressures weaken and/or conceal biological drives in the evening, leading individuals to delay their bedtime and shorten their sleep. A country’s average bedtime, but not average wake time, predicts sleep duration. We further show that mathematical models based on controlled laboratory experiments predict qualitative trends in sunrise, sunset, and light level; however, these effects are attenuated in the real world around bedtime. Additionally, we find that women schedule more sleep than men and that users reporting that they are typically exposed to outdoor light go to sleep earlier and sleep more than those reporting indoor light. Finally, we find that age is the primary determinant of sleep timing, and that age plays an important role in the variability of population-level sleep habits. This work better defines and personalizes “normal” sleep, produces hypotheses for future testing in the laboratory, and suggests important ways to counteract the global sleep crisis.

scholarly journals Communication features in online and offline spaces.

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
Anrieta A. Karapetyan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Nonverbal Communication ◽  
Online Communication ◽  
Social Signals ◽  
Social Lives ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The World ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Cultural Components

No other media has become so popular in such a short period of time as online, which mainly serves for the purpose of communication. Online communications have the potential to fundamentally change the character of our social lives on all levels of social interactions. This article represents an attempt of discussing pros and cons of the online communication compared to the offline ones, and including functional as well as cultural components such as habits, usefulness, as well as specific cases affecting the gradual and immediate shift from the offline to the online communication (like COVID19 pandemic). Online communication spaces provide ample opportunities for selfrepresentation, convenience and compliance, easy connectivity from every place in the world, it is time-consuming and costly. It is widely used in all areas of everyday life. At the same time participants of online communication need nonverbal communication and those all-important social signals, which make communication more efficient. Despite the number of advantages, online communication still cannot completely replace the offline ones.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of Physiological and Haematological Parameters among Mild and Severe COVID-19 Patients Admitted in Tertiary Care Hospital of Pune District, India

2021 ◽  
pp. 132-139
Author(s):  
Suchita Sachin Palve ◽  
Pallavi Sachin Chaudhari
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Haematological Parameters ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
The World ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has put global health at stake by creating havoc all over the world, due to which the world, as well as health agencies, are experiencing the greatest challenges. This disease is a health emergency due to its high level of infectiousness and the non-availability of any specific treatment [1]. Objectives: To determine and compare the significance of physiological and haematological parameters in the diagnosis of COVID 19 infection and compare the association of physiological and haematological parameters among mild and severe COVID-19 patients. Methodology: The present comparative, observational study was carried out in a designated tertiary care hospital, where admission of COVID19 patients in Pune district, India. Various parameters like age, height, weight, BMI, various physiological variables, haematological parameters, and CRP levels were assessed among 202 Mild and 50 severe COVID 19 diagnosed patients on day one of the hospital's stays. Results: Pearson’s correlation coefficient showed a significant correlation among physiological and haematological variables compared to both groups, especially physiological parameters like SBP and DBP. The results showed that TLC, CRP, NLR, PLR, among COVID 19 patients cans work as important biomarkers to understand the disease prognosis. Conclusion: Study of physiological and haematological parameters and their interrelation will help in understanding the impact of COVID 19 infection on the reactive inflammatory responses and help in understanding the prognosis of the disease among mild and severe patients.

scholarly journals The Era of Digital Enablement: A Blessing or a Curse?

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Anne-Laure Mention ◽  
Marko Torkkeli ◽  
JJ Pinto Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
The World

A few months ago, we claimed that COVID-19 had the potential to be a catalyst for change and innovation (Mention et al., 2020). Undeniably, this has indeed eventuated, but to a scale that was unforeseeable and unpredictable to many. Over the last few months, the world has literally changed. Around the world, people and communities have seen their lives put on a standstill, experiencing and experimenting with variable levels of restrictions preventing social interactions. We have learned what physical – rather than social, at least initially – distancing meant and have uncovered new ways of doing things. And that applied to almost for every single aspect of life. (...)

scholarly journals Oral aspects related to SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-160
Author(s):  
Akram Belmehdi ◽  
Saliha Chbicheb
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
The World ◽  
Spanish Flu ◽  
Taste Disorders ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Relationship

The pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is considered as the biggest global health crisis for the world since the Spanish flu, also known as the 1918 flu pandemic. Driven by the SARS-CoV-2 novel coronavirus infection, the rapid spread of this disease and the related pneumonia COVID-19 are a challenge for healthcare systems in over the world, and it is a constantly evolving situation with new symptoms and prognostic factors. SARS-CoV-2 has lately been detected in infected patient’s oral cavity; the COVID-19 outbreak is an alert that all dental and other health professionals must be vigilant in defending against the infectious disease spread. This review summarizes an update from current medical literature about the relationship between oral cavity and coronavirus disease by presenting some oral aspects which was detected in infected patients such as the oral lesions related to this virus and its therapeutic protocol, taste disorders and also the diagnostic value of saliva for SARS-CoV-2.

Who Is My Neighbor?

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy L. Rosenblum
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Physical Proximity ◽  
The World ◽  
At Home

This chapter poses the foundational question, “who is my neighbor?” Proximity to home is essential, but one can count neighbors as those who affect the quality of life at home, with whom people have repeated encounters. Neighbors should not be confused with strangers or with intimates and friends. Commonplace references to globalization, the valorization of cosmopolitanism, universal moral norms that often seem to float high off the surface of everyday relations, media that bring images and voices from across the world, tempt people to understate the significance of place. However, a pair of facts—physical proximity and proximity to home—has a bearing on all the interactions and makes encounters among neighbors a different animal than social interactions in other settings, and certainly different than relations among friends or citizens.

scholarly journals Transmission heterogeneities, kinetics, and controllability of SARS-CoV-2

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. eabe2424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaiyuan Sun ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Lidong Gao ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
Kaiwei Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Symptom Presentation ◽  
Secondary Infections ◽  
The Family ◽  
Infectious Disease Dynamics ◽  
Kinetics Of

A long-standing question in infectious disease dynamics concerns the role of transmission heterogeneities, driven by demography, behavior and interventions. Based on detailed patient and contact tracing data in Hunan, China we find 80% of secondary infections traced back to 15% of SARS-CoV-2 primary infections, indicating substantial transmission heterogeneities. Transmission risk scales positively with the duration of exposure and the closeness of social interactions and is modulated by demographic and clinical factors. The lockdown period increases transmission risk in the family and households, while isolation and quarantine reduce risks across all types of contacts. The reconstructed infectiousness profile of a typical SARS-CoV-2 patient peaks just before symptom presentation. Modeling indicates SARS-CoV-2 control requires the synergistic efforts of case isolation, contact quarantine, and population-level interventions, owing to the specific transmission kinetics of this virus.

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