scholarly journals Social dynamics obscure the effect of temperature on air breathing in Corydoras catfish

2020 ◽  
Vol 223 (21) ◽  
pp. jeb222133
Author(s):  
Mar Pineda ◽  
Isabel Aragao ◽  
David J. McKenzie ◽  
Shaun S. Killen
Keyword(s):  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Intermittent Flow ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Breathing Frequency ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACTIn some fishes, the ability to breathe air has evolved to overcome constraints in hypoxic environments but comes at a cost of increased predation. To reduce this risk, some species perform group air breathing. Temperature may also affect the frequency of air breathing in fishes, but this topic has received relatively little research attention. This study examined how acclimation temperature and acute exposure to hypoxia affected the air-breathing behaviour of a social catfish, the bronze corydoras Corydoras aeneus, and aimed to determine whether individual oxygen demand influenced the behaviour of entire groups. Groups of seven fish were observed in an arena to measure air-breathing frequency of individuals and consequent group air-breathing behaviour, under three oxygen concentrations (100%, 60% and 20% air saturation) and two acclimation temperatures (25 and 30°C). Intermittent flow respirometry was used to estimate oxygen demand of individuals. Increasingly severe hypoxia increased air breathing at the individual and group levels. Although there were minimal differences in air-breathing frequency among individuals in response to an increase in temperature, the effect of temperature that did exist manifested as an increase in group air-breathing frequency at 30°C. Groups that were more socially cohesive during routine activity took more breaths but, in most cases, air breathing among individuals was not temporally clustered. There was no association between an individual's oxygen demand and its air-breathing frequency in a group. For C.aeneus, although air-breathing frequency is influenced by hypoxia, behavioural variation among groups could explain the small overall effect of temperature on group air-breathing frequency.

Short-term effects of food availability on air-breathing frequency in the fish Corydoras aeneus (Callichthyidae)

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 1964-1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald L. Kramer ◽  
E. Anne Braun
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Food Presentation ◽  
Breathing Frequency ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Breathing Patterns ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen Tension ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Before And After

To examine the hypothesis that breathing patterns in fish capable of bimodal respiration can be modified by ecological factors that alter the relative costs of air and water breathing, we determined the air-breathing frequency and activity of a group of Corydoras aeneus before and after presentation of small amounts of food. In nature a reduction in air breathing while feeding on small, patchy resources should reduce loss of food to competitors and lower the risk of failing to relocalize the food source. Activity always increased after food presentation, but the change in air breathing depended on dissolved oxygen tension. Air breathing decreased after food presentation at 116 and 72 torr (1 torr = 133.322 Pa), stayed the same at 44 torr, and increased at 24 torr. This suggests that although oxygen demand increases during feeding, air breathing is decreased when the ambient conditions permit a compensatory increase in the uptake of dissolved oxygen.

scholarly journals Aquatic and Aerial Respiration Rates, Muscle Capillary Supply and Mitochondrial Volume Density in the Airbreathing Catfish (Clarias Mossambigus) Acclimated to Either Aerated or Hypoxic Water

1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 317-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
IAN A. JOHNSTON ◽  
LYNNE M. BERNARD ◽  
GEOFFREY M. MALOIY
Keyword(s):  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Fibre Volume ◽  
Acute Exposure ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Breathing Frequency ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Aerial Respiration ◽  
Capillary Supply ◽  
Mitochondrial Volume ◽  
Hypoxia Acclimation

Specimens of the African air-breathing catfish Clarias mossambicus were acclimated to either aerated (PwO2 15.3 KPa) or hypoxic (PwO2 2.4KPa) water for up to 27 days at 20 °C. Routine respiration rate for fish acclimated to aerated water was 85.7 mlO2 (kgbodyweight)−1 h−1. Gas exchange across the suprabranchial chambers accounted for 25% of the total. In aerated water the interval between air-breaths varied from 1.4 to 30.6 min. On acute exposure to hypoxia air-breathing frequency was unaltered (6.3 h−1) although aerial respiration rate increased by 70%. This suggests that ventilation of the suprabranchial chambers is variable and that air-breathing frequency is a poor measure of air-breathing effort. Total respiration decreased by 46% on acute exposure to hypoxia (PwO2 2.4 KPa), reflecting a reduction in routine activity. Following acclimation to hypoxia, airbreathing frequency (8.1 h−1) was higher and total routine respiration rate increased from 46.3 to 67.8 mlO2 kg−1h−1. The increased oxygen consumption with hypoxia acclimation was largely the result of an increase in aquatic respiration from 10.4 to 27.5 mlO2kg−1h−1 Measurements were made of mitochondrial volume densities [Vv(mt,f)] and capillary supply to fast and slow myotomal muscles. The fraction of fibre volume occupied by mitochondria was 15 percnt; for slow and 2.5% for fast muscles. Values for [Vv(mt,f)] obtained for fish slow fibres are much higher than for homologous muscles in birds and mammals and show a good correlation with capillary density [NA(c,f)]. Hypoxia acclimation did not result in changes in either muscle Vv(mt,f) or NA(c,f). It is suggested that increased ventilation of the suprabranchial chambers and greater oxygen extraction across the gills obviates the need for modifications in these parameters.

The Respiratory Metabolism and Swimming Performance of Young Sockeye Salmon

1964 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1183-1226 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Brett
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Marked Change ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Fatigue Curve ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Active Metabolism

The rate of oxygen consumption in young sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) was determined for various swimming speeds, including fatigue levels, at temperatures of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 24 °C. A logarithmic increase in oxygen demand with increase in swimming speed characterized each acclimation temperature. Extrapolation to zero activity (standard metabolism) and maximum activity (active metabolism) provided differences of the order of 10 to 12 times the minimum rate.The greatest scope for activity occurred at 15 °C with an average active metabolic rate of 895 mg O2/kg/hr for a swimming speed of 4.1 body lengths per second, just maintained for 1 hr. Above 15 °C active metabolism was limited, apparently by oxygen availability.Rate of replacement of oxygen debt following fatigue was determined by tracing the return to a resting state of metabolism, and confirmed by re-tests at fatigue velocities. In most instances the rate declined logarithmically with time; in some there was an initial or secondary slump. Times to recovery (return of spontaneous activity) averaged 3.2 hr, independent of acclimation temperature.Swimming speed–fatigue tests indicated a sustained level of performance at about 200–300 min. Comparison with other fish suggests a marked change in slope of the fatigue curve at about 20 sec. The effect of temperature was greatest on sustained speeds and least on burst speeds.

Physiological and Hereditary Hyperbilirubinemia in Athletes: Role in Reducing Efficiency and Correction Methodology

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 386-393
Author(s):  
L. M. Gunina ◽  
◽  
Kazys Mylashyus ◽  
Voitenko V. L. ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Functional State ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Diagnostic Algorithm ◽  
Drug Prevention ◽  
The Body ◽  
Erythrocyte Membranes ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Bilirubin Metabolism ◽  
The Individual

Under high-intensity loads, the athlete's bodies take place a number of biochemical reactions and physiological processes that can lead to hyperbilirubinemia. The factors that can initiate the onset of this phenomenon include the syndrome of micro-damage muscle, violation of the integrity of erythrocyte membranes, decreased blood pH, malnutrition and increase oxygen demand of the body. Degree of expression of manifestations of physiological bilirubinemia depends on the level of adaptation of the athlete to the physical activities offered. Hyperbilirubinemia in athletes can be one of the components of the deterioration of the functional state, forming the symptoms of endogenous intoxication. The relevance of this problem in sport lies in the relatively low detection rate of hyperbilirubinemia due to the lack of regular screening studies. However, in drawing up a plan of nutritional- metabolic support for training and competitive activity and recovery measures, must not only the individual reaction of the athlete body to physical activity, but also the severity of shifts in the indicators of bilirubin metabolism and their ratio. The article describes the reasons for the increase in bilirubin levels, which can be caused by both the effect of physical activity and by the presence of pathological processes in athletes. The factors influencing the blood serum’s bilirubin content are also highlighted, which include the state of erythrocyte cell membranes and the rate of hemoglobin destruction, the functional state of the liver, the specifics of physical loads and the use of ergogenic pharmacological agents by athletes. Particular accent has been placed on the illumination of hereditary hyperbilirubinemias, which may have been detected at the stage of selection of athletes. The most common phenomenon is Gilbert's syndrome, which occurs in 2-5% of cases in the general population, is characterized in the clinic by a benign flow and is manifested by episodes of jaundice and an increase in total bilirubin content to moderate values due to indirect. The frequency of detection of hyperbilirubinemias in the population of athletes is 4.68%, among which Gilbert's disease accounts for almost half (48.7%). Conclusion. The work highlighted the pathogenesis and diagnostic algorithm of Gilbert's disease, and also emphasized that its drug prevention and correction in athletes to maintain functional and physical fitness should be carried out taking into account anti-doping rules, which requires upon diagnosis timely receipt of a therapeutic exclusion

Modelling the individual cell lag phase: effect of temperature and pH on the individual cell lag distribution of

2005 ◽  
Vol 100 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 41-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
K FRANCOIS ◽  
F DEVLIEGHERE ◽  
K SMET ◽  
A STANDAERT ◽  
A GEERAERD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Cell ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Phase Effect ◽  
The Individual

Acquisition versus greenfield in Colombia: Reviewing the effect of cultural distance and vicarious experience

2022 ◽  
pp. 147059582110644
Author(s):  
Mario Martínez-Avella ◽  
Ángela Alarcón-León ◽  
Giovanni Hernández-Salazar
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Distance ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Vicarious Experience ◽  
Entry Modes ◽  
Direct Experience ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Foreign Companies ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The Individual

The relation between the cultural distance and the firm’s entry modes to foreign countries has received considerable research attention, and studies have shown the role of experience in this relation. However, previous research has only studied direct experience and neglected the study of vicarious experience. Using a sample of 355 foreign companies that entered Colombia (2007–2017), this research reviews the effect of cultural distance on entry mode choice (e.g., Acquisition vs. Greenfield) and examines the moderating role of vicarious experience in this relationship. The study concludes that the cultural distance positively affects the entry probability by acquisition, and the vicarious experience negatively affects this relationship in four cultural dimensions. If firms have vicarious experience, the effect of cultural distance on the acquisition probability is less and positively influences the entry probability by Greenfield when the cultural distance is in power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism, and long-term orientation. Nevertheless, vicarious experience has the opposite effect when considering the masculinity dimension. Consequently, we highlight the importance of considering vicarious experience as a different variable of direct experience and the individual effects of cultural distance dimensions for cross-cultural studies in management.

The Transition to Air Breathing in Fishes:: I. Environmental Effects on the Facultative Air Breathing of Ancistrus Chagresi and Hypostomus Plecostomus Loricariidae

1982 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEFFREY B. GRAHAM ◽  
TROY A. BAIRD
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Breathing Rate ◽  
Breathing Frequency ◽  
Rate Reduction ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Aquatic Respiration ◽  
Saturated Water ◽  
Important Regulator ◽  
Hypoxia Acclimation

In response to progressive aquatic hypoxia, the armoured loricariid catfishes Ancistrus chagresi and Hypostomus plecostomus become facultative air-breathers and utilize their stomachs as accessory air-breathing organs. Hypostomus initiates air breathing at a higher aquatic O2 tension (Pw, Ow, O2) than does Ancistrus (60 v. 33 mmHg). Once begun, the air-breathing frequencies of both species increase with decreasing Pw, Ow, O2; the frequency of Ancistrus, however, is greater than and increases more with hypoxia than does that of Hypostomus, which appears to be a more efficient air breather. Hypoxia acclimation reduces the air-breathing rate of both species. A larger rate reduction occurs in Ancistrus, which, however, continues to require more frequent breaths than Hypostomus. Hypoxia acclimation does not affect the air-breathing threshold of either species, suggesting that external O2 receptors initiate facultative air breathing. In progressive aquatic hypercapnia Ancistrus has a lower air-breathing CO2 threshold (8.7 mmHg) than Hypostomus (12.8 mmHg). However, in some tests, individual fish of both species did not initiate air breathing even at Pw, COw, CO2 as high as 21 mmHg. Also, air breathing evoked by hypercapnia was short-lived; both species quickly compensated for this gas and resumed exclusively aquatic respiration within a few hours of exposure. Thus, CO2 is not an important regulator of air breathing in these species. Between 25 and 35 °C, the Pw, Ow, O2 air breathing threshold of Ancistrus is temperature-independent, but air-breathing frequency increases with temperature. Ancistrus and Hypostomus do not breathe air in normoxic (air-saturated) water; their air-breathing responses are evoked by environmental hypoxia. This is fundamentally different from other fish species that breathe air in normoxia in order to meet heightened metabolic demands. Also, the facultative air-breathing adaptations of Ancistrus and Hypostomus differ in scope and magnitude from those utilized by species that breathe air in nor-moxia and adapt to hypoxia by increasing air-breathing rate.

"To evaluate efficacy of Gruta in Grabhashaymukhgata Vrana with special reference to Cervical Erosion."

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (06) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pravin Ashok Mali
Keyword(s):  
Vaginal Discharge ◽  
Benign Lesion ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Major Life ◽  
Causative Factors ◽  
Threatening Condition ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Gynaecological Disease

Cervical erosion is one of the causative factors for vaginal discharge. Cervical erosion, a benign lesion is sometimes much troublesome due to its chronic nature and recurrence. Cauterization and cryosurgery are most common treatment for cervical erosion in modern science. Certain diseases may not be life threatening but may be troublesome and irritating to the individual in her routine activity. When neglected may lead to serious complications or turn into major life threatening condition. Cervical erosion is one among them, increasingly prevalent nowadays, demanding great concern over it. Cervical erosion is a common gynaecological disease and seen in about 80-85% of women. As per Ayurveda classics Garbhashaya grivamukhagatavrana can be correlated with cervical erosion. Various research has been done in ayurveda on its treatment. One such compound Ghrut can be used incorporation with other treatment. This article is to enlighten on the same.

scholarly journals Role of Stress on Women’s Health: Causes and Prevention

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Razia Saleem ◽  
Shamsul Siddiqui
Keyword(s):  
General Condition ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
The Body ◽  
Poor Health ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Stress Effects ◽  
After Hours ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Intense Research

In recent years, stress has been the focus of intense research attention. Stress is a misfit between the demands of the environment and the individual’s abilities; the imbalance may be corrected, according to the situation, either by adjusting external demands to fit the individual or by strengthening the individual’s ability to cope or both. Everyone is exposed to stress, and a great number of people have experienced the traces of stress. Women are socialized to be the caretakers of others. More women than men have both a career outside the home and continue to try to juggle traditional responsibilities after hours. It has often been shown that women are the worriers and often do not make time to manage their health and take care of themselves. Stress is on the rise for women as they struggle to find a balance between their homes and careers. The recession has caused a greater need for women to work outside of the home to support their families. Health is a general condition of the body or mind with reference to soundness and vigor; it will be reflected by good or poor health. A poor health affects our mind, as a stressed life affects our health. The struggle that women confront each days trying to achieve the standards of being a daughter, women, wife, mother, house, and/ or career keeper puts us in a vulnerable position of presenting stress effects that may affect our health. And there are some preventive measures to cope with stress such as meditation, yoga, quality time etc.

scholarly journals Sudden Vision Loss in a Young Patient with Pulmonary Hypertension, A Rare and Unusual Finding

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Primary Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Connective Tissue Disorders ◽  
Loss Of Vision ◽  
Pediatric Age Group ◽  
Ophthalmologic Examination ◽  
The Individual

Loss of vision associated with pulmonary hypertension in the pediatric age group has been rarely reported in the literature and often goes unnoticed for a long period. Pulmonary hypertension may manifest as shortness of breath limiting the activity of the individual, palpitation, headaches, easy fatiguability, dizziness been the most common symptoms encountered. However, primary pulmonary hypertension would not present itself instead secondary to other diseases like congenital heart disease, lung disease, connective tissue disorders or genetic diseases. Our case demonstrated a 17-year old individual with a primary complaint of progressive loss of vision in the left eye leading to complete vision loss. The patient experienced dyspnea two years back which exacerbated affecting his normal routine activity. His Echocardiography revealed severe pulmonary hypertension and was started on appropriate medications. His vision worsened and slit-lamp examination revealed multiple hemorrhages. Further investigations with FFA and OCT revealed significant hypoperfusion and significant elevation of the retina of the left eye. Anti-VEGF injections were given in an attempt to restore vision, but it resulted in no further improvement. Our case emphasizes the importance of prompt ophthalmologic examination in Pulmonary Hypertension.

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