scholarly journals Exploratory behaviour, memory and neurogenesis in the social Damaraland mole-rat (Fukomys damarensis)

2020 ◽  
Vol 223 (14) ◽  
pp. jeb221093
Author(s):  
Maria K. Oosthuizen
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Memory ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Exploratory Behaviour ◽  
Dispersal Behaviour ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Good Marker ◽  
Mole Rat ◽  
The Social

ABSTRACTBoth exploratory behaviour and spatial memory are important for survival in dispersing animals. Exploratory behaviour is triggered by novel environments and having a better spatial memory of the surroundings provides an adaptive advantage to the animals. Spatial challenges can also affect neurogenesis in the hippocampus by increasing cell proliferation and enhancing survival of young neurons. In social Damaraland mole-rat colonies, the social hierarchy is largely based on body size. Individuals with different social statuses in these colonies display different dispersal behaviours and as behavioural differences have been linked to dispersal behaviour, I investigated exploratory behaviour, memory and hippocampal neurogenesis in wild-captured Damaraland mole-rats. Dispersal behaviour gives rise to differential exploratory behaviour in Damaraland mole-rats; they readily explored in a novel environment but resident, worker mole-rats explored more slowly. In the Y-maze, animals entered the escape hole significantly faster by the second day; however, they did not make fewer wrong turns with successive days of the experiment. Female dispersers did not show any improvement in time to reach the escape hole or the number of wrong turns over the 4 day experimental period. Damaraland male and female dispersers employ different dispersal strategies, and this is evident in their approach to the learning task. Females are less motivated to complete the task, leading to a difference in behaviour, and this has important survival implications for the different sexes. Finally, in the context of memory, adult neurogenesis does not seem to be a good marker in mole-rats as it is generally low and has not been investigated thoroughly enough to determine which and how other factors can influence it in these animals.

Epistemic and relational conflicts in sharing identical vs. complementary information during cooperative learning

2002 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Céline Darnon ◽  
Céline Buchs ◽  
Fabrizio Butera
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Learning ◽  
Social Comparison ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Complementary Information ◽  
Relational Conflict ◽  
The Social ◽  
The University

When interacting on a learning task, which is typical of several academic situations, individuals may experience two different motives: Understanding the problem, or showing their competences. When a conflict (confrontation of divergent propositions) emerges from this interaction, it can be solved either in an epistemic way (focused on the task) or in a relational way (focused on the social comparison of competences). The latter is believed to be detrimental for learning. Moreover, research on cooperative learning shows that when they share identical information, partners are led to compare to each other, and are less encouraged to cooperate than when they share complementary information. An epistemic vs. relational conflict vs. no conflict was provoked in dyads composed by a participant and a confederate, working either on identical or on complementary information (N = 122). Results showed that, if relational and epistemic conflicts both entailed more perceived interactions and divergence than the control group, only relational conflict entailed more perceived comparison activities and a less positive relationship than the control group. Epistemic conflict resulted in a more positive perceived relationship than the control group. As far as performance is concerned, relational conflict led to a worse learning than epistemic conflict, and - after a delay - than the control group. An interaction between the two variables on delayed performance showed that epistemic and relational conflicts were different only when working with complementary information. This study shows the importance of the quality of relationship when sharing information during cooperative learning, a crucial factor to be taken into account when planning educational settings at the university.

Perceived social support and burden of care of male and female caregivers of patient with schizophrenia

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Narendra Kumar Singh ◽  
Nishant Goyal
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Perceived Social Support ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Burden Of Care ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Difference

Background: Schizophrenia is associated with a high familial, social and economic burden. Schizophrenia is also associated with a high level of disability which may create impediments on the social and economic areas of the patients as well as on their respective family networks. Families with schizophrenia may encounter problems such as impairment of health and well being of other family members, restriction of social activities of the family members and shrinking of support from the social network. Aims: The present study examined the difference in perceived social support and burden of care between the male and female caregivers of patients with schizophrenia. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study examining the difference in perceived social support and burden of care between the male and female caregivers of patients with schizophrenia. The sample consisted of 60 (30 male and 30 female) caregivers of the patients with the diagnosis of schizophrenia as per ICD-10-DCR. Results and Conclusion: This study revealed that male caregivers perceived more social support and less burden of care as compared to female caregivers. Key words: Gender, social support, burden

Transition from Childcare Institutions to Adulthood for Youth: Through the Lens of Identity and Gender

2020 ◽  
pp. 234930032098055
Author(s):  
Garima Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Social Factor ◽  
Smooth Transition ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Youth ◽  
Youth Identity ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Gender

This article explores the transition of youth from childcare institutions as young adults through the lens of youth identity and gender. The research revolves around rethinking the delicate boundaries of adolescence and adulthood for the ‘institutionalised’ youth that is already on the edge of the society. This research tries to understand and decode the experiences of youth, who have lived in the childcare institutions. The childcare institutions reinforce the gender roles through its practices and structure, enabling gaps and challenges for both male and female youth outside the childcare institutions. There is an absence of a strong mechanism, enabling the smooth transition of youth from childcare institutions to adulthood. This results in unprepared young adults for an unplanned transition, fostering several challenges on them as they exit the childcare system. This is a qualitative study. The research includes both male and female youth who have lived in childcare institutions situated in Delhi. The data was collected using semi-structured interviews with the youth. This study finds that youth leaving the childcare institutions are at higher risks of having negative adult outcomes in life. While there is an absolute absence of any body or mechanism to help the youth transit smoothly, childcare institutions reinforce the inferiority and exclusion on a child during the stay period, creating a foundation for youth to perceive the social factor outside the institutions.

Social experience influences preferences in black ducks and mallards

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1434-1438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn M. Brodsky ◽  
C. Davison Ankney ◽  
Darrell G. Dennis
Keyword(s):  
Social Preferences ◽  
Anas Platyrhynchos ◽  
Social Experience ◽  
The Other ◽  
Captive Population ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Potential Mate ◽  
The Social ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Males And Females

The influence of social experience on the preferences for a potential mate in a captive population of black ducks, Anas rubripes, and mallards, Anas platyrhynchos, was examined. Birds were reared from hatching with conspecifics (i.e., female black ducks with male black ducks, female mallards with male mallards), or were cross-fostered with the other species (i.e., female black ducks with male mallards, female mallards with male black ducks). Preferences of individuals were tested in a chamber containing caged black ducks and mallards of the opposite sex. In over 90% (100/109) of the trials, males and females preferred the species that they were raised with since hatching, whether they were of the same species or not. These results demonstrate that social experience influences the social preferences of male and female black ducks and mallards.

scholarly journals Check This One out: Analyzing Slang Usage among Iranian Male and Female Teenagers

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Hashemi Shahraki ◽  
Abbass Eslami Rasekh
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
School Students ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Social ◽  
Completion Test ◽  
Female Teenagers ◽  
Age And Sex

Slang usage in modern age Iran is a popular phenomenon among most male and female teenagers. How pervasive this variation of language use is among various age and sex groups in Iran has been a question of debate given the significance of religion in a theological system of social structure. The work presented in this study aims to investigate the effect of age and sex on variability of slang usage. Sixty Iranian participants were selected, and then were divided into three age groups (i.e. primary school, high school, and senior university students) each group consisting of ten males and ten females. A self-made questionnaire in the form of Discourse Completion Test (DCT) describing nine situations of friendly conversations was given to the participants. They were asked to make their choice on the responses, which ranged from formal to very informal style (common teenage slang expressions), or to write down what they wish to say under each circumstance. The results of the chi–square tests indicated that slang usage among high school students is more frequent as compared with other age groups. Unlike the popular belief suggesting that slang is used by boys rather than girls, the findings suggested that young Iranians both male and female use slang as a badge of identity showing their attachment to the social group they wish to be identified with.

scholarly journals Social Intelligence of Principals and Its Relationship with Creative Behavior

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hani Kriemeen ◽  
Sulaiman Hajaia
Keyword(s):  
Social Intelligence ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Principals ◽  
Creative Behavior ◽  
Female Teachers ◽  
The Social ◽  
Correlative Relationship

The study aimed at investigating the level of the social intelligence among the male and female principals in TafilaGovernorate from the teachers views and its relationship with creative behavior.The sample consisted of 190 male and female teachers chosen randomly. For achieving the goals of the study, theresearchers developed two instruments, the first one was for social intelligence including 29 items, and the secondone was for creative behavior including 22 items distributed on five domains: flexibility, originality, fluency,sensitivity to problems, and risk acceptance.The results indicated that the level of social intelligence of principals was mid, and for creative behavior as well. Theresults also showed that there is a statistically significance positive correlative relationship between socialintelligence and creative behavior.

The Relationship between Psychological Skills, Experience, and Practice Commitment among Collegiate Male and Female Skiers

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally A. White
Keyword(s):  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Gender Effect ◽  
Psychological Skills ◽  
Internal Reliability ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Mental Preparation ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

The Psychological Skills Inventory for Sport (PSIS; Mahoney, 1988) identifies certain psychological skills or characteristics possessed by successful athletes. However, little has been done to connect the PSIS with other variables that may have an impact on the athletes’ psychological skills. Therefore the purpose of this study was twofold. First, the psychometric properties of the PSIS for all subjects and by gender were determined. Second, the relationship between the PSIS, experience, practice commitment, and gender of collegiate skiers was examined. A random sample of 131 male and female collegiate skiers responded to the 45-item PSIS. Overall, the six PSIS subscales (anxiety, concentration, confidence, mental preparation, motivation, and team emphasis) demonstrated acceptable internal reliability (coeff. alpha = .69−.84). Results of a 4 × 3 × 2 (Experience × Practice Commitment × Gender) MANOVA and follow-up univariate F tests revealed a significant gender effect on the team emphasis subscale. Female collegiate skiers were more team oriented than male collegiate skiers and placed more importance on the social and affiliative aspects of being on a team than did their male counterparts.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Attachment Styles, Emotional Intelligence, and Self-esteem in Only-child Families and Two-children Families

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (SPE3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noora Rahmani ◽  
Ezgi Ulu
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Attachment Style ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Attachment Styles ◽  
Social Relationship ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Social ◽  
Single Child ◽  
The Relationship

Emotional intelligence, attachment style, and self-esteem are important variables in social interaction that can affect the social relationship. Also having one child is an important issue in which parents are worried about it which is the adolescent's single families have weaknesses in social relationships and interaction? In this study, the researcher tries to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence, attachment style, and self-esteem in single-child and two-children adolescents aged range 13-17 (male and female).

scholarly journals The prevailing social control methods and their relation to the level of ambition among high school students: أساليب الضبط الاجتماعي السائدة وعلاقتها بمستوى الطموح لدى طلبة المرحلة الثانوية

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabah Saleh Al-Shajrawi
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Secondary Students ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
School Students ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Social ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
The Relationship

The study aimed to identify the relationship between the prevailing social control methods and the level of ambition among secondary students. The researcher used the descriptive descriptive approach. In order to achieve the objective of the study, the questionnaire was used to determine the validity and persistence of the social control methods, consisting of (47) items divided into two areas (the first area: the penalties and the second field: the rewards), prepared by the researcher (2005) The study sample consisted of (367) male and female students from the Fourth Directorate of Amman. The results of the study showed that the most common methods of social control used in the field of penalties are: to punish you for the offenses you have committed. In the area of ​​charges, "promote your good behavior in front of students in public." The results also showed that the level of ambition among students was high, ). The results also showed that there is no relationship between the methods of social control and the level of ambition among students. There are statistically significant differences in the methods of social control due to the gender variable. The differences were in favor of males in penalties and in favor of females in rewards. The level of ambition is attributed Variable sex; females in all dimensions of the study for the benefit.

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