scholarly journals The reptilian perspective on vertebrate immunity: 10 years of progress

2020 ◽  
Vol 223 (21) ◽  
pp. jeb214171
Author(s):  
Laura M. Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Great Progress ◽  
Vertebrate Immune System ◽  
Mechanistic Understanding ◽  
Made In ◽  
Key Questions ◽  
Effector Mechanisms

ABSTRACTTen years ago, ‘Understanding the vertebrate immune system: insights from the reptilian perspective’ was published. At the time, our understanding of the reptilian immune system lagged behind that of birds, mammals, fish and amphibians. Since then, great progress has been made in elucidating the mechanisms of reptilian immunity. Here, I review recent discoveries associated with the recognition of pathogens, effector mechanisms and memory responses in reptiles. Moreover, I put forward key questions to drive the next 10 years of research, including how reptiles are able to balance robust innate mechanisms with avoiding self-damage, how B cells and antibodies are used in immune defense and whether innate mechanisms can display the hallmarks of memory. Finally, I briefly discuss the links between our mechanistic understanding of the reptilian immune system and the field of eco-immunology. Overall, the field of reptile immunology is poised to contribute greatly to our understanding of vertebrate immunity in the next 10 years.

scholarly journals Pathogenesis and Potential Therapeutic Targets for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2978
Author(s):  
Chia-Jung Li ◽  
Yen-Dun Tony Tzeng ◽  
Yi-Han Chiu ◽  
Hung-Yu Lin ◽  
Ming-Feng Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Targeted Therapy ◽  
Triple Negative Breast Cancer ◽  
Triple Negative ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Early Recurrence ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Great Progress ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Made In

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous tumor characterized by early recurrence, high invasion, and poor prognosis. Currently, its treatment includes chemotherapy, which shows a suboptimal efficacy. However, with the increasing studies on TNBC subtypes and tumor molecular biology, great progress has been made in targeted therapy for TNBC. The new developments in the treatment of breast cancer include targeted therapy, which has the advantages of accurate positioning, high efficiency, and low toxicity, as compared to surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Given its importance as cancer treatment, we review the latest research on the subtypes of TNBC and relevant targeted therapies.

scholarly journals Detection of follicular regions in actin-stained whole slide images of the human lymph node by shock filter

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Wurzel ◽  
Jörg Ackermann ◽  
Hendrik Schäfer ◽  
Sonja Scharf ◽  
Martin-Leo Hansmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Morphological Differentiation ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Lymphoid Follicles ◽  
Shock Filter ◽  
Transition Points ◽  
Whole Slide Images

Abstract Human lymph nodes play a central part of immune defense against infection agents and tumor cells. Lymphoid follicles are compartments of the lymph node which are spherical, mainly filled with B cells. B cells are cellular components of the adaptive immune systems. In the course of a specific immune response, lymphoid follicles pass different morphological differentiation stages. The morphology and the spatial distribution of lymphoid follicles can be sometimes associated to a particular causative agent and development stage of a disease. We report our new approach for the automatic detection of follicular regions in histological whole slide images of tissue sections immuno-stained with actin. The method is divided in two phases: (1) shock filter-based detection of transition points and (2) segmentation of follicular regions. Follicular regions in 10 whole slide images were manually annotated by visual inspection, and sample surveys were conducted by an expert pathologist. The results of our method were validated by comparing with the manual annotation. On average, we could achieve a Zijbendos similarity index of 0.71, with a standard deviation of 0.07.

scholarly journals T Cells Limit Accumulation of Aggregate Pathology Following Intrastriatal Injection of α-Synuclein Fibrils

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Sonia George ◽  
Trevor Tyson ◽  
Nolwen L. Rey ◽  
Rachael Sheridan ◽  
Wouter Peelaerts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Proteinase K ◽  
T And B Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Immunocompromised Mice ◽  
The Impact

Background: α-Synuclein (α-syn) is the predominant protein in Lewy-body inclusions, which are pathological hallmarks of α- synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Other hallmarks include activation of microglia, elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as the activation of T and B cells. These immune changes point towards a dysregulation of both the innate and the adaptive immune system. T cells have been shown to recognize epitopes derived from α-syn and altered populations of T cells have been found in PD and MSA patients, providing evidence that these cells can be key to the pathogenesis of the disease. Objective To study the role of the adaptive immune system with respect to α-syn pathology. Methods: We injected human α-syn preformed fibrils (PFFs) into the striatum of immunocompromised mice (NSG) and assessed accumulation of phosphorylated α-syn pathology, proteinase K-resistant α-syn pathology and microgliosis in the striatum, substantia nigra and frontal cortex. We also assessed the impact of adoptive transfer of naïve T and B cells into PFF-injected immunocompromised mice. Results: Compared to wildtype mice, NSG mice had an 8-fold increase in phosphorylated α-syn pathology in the substantia nigra. Reconstituting the T cell population decreased the accumulation of phosphorylated α-syn pathology and resulted in persistent microgliosis in the striatum when compared to non-transplanted mice. Conclusion: Our work provides evidence that T cells play a role in the pathogenesis of experimental α-synucleinopathy.

Rhodium-Catalyzed, Phosphorus(III)-Directed Hydroarylation of Internal Alkynes: Facile and Efficient Access to New Phosphine Ligands

Synlett ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minyan Wang ◽  
Zhuangzhi Shi ◽  
Huanhuan Luo ◽  
Dawei Wang
Keyword(s):  
High Selectivity ◽  
Enantiomeric Excess ◽  
Phosphine Ligands ◽  
Rapid Construction ◽  
Efficient Access ◽  
Internal Alkynes ◽  
Great Progress ◽  
Chiral Phosphine Ligands ◽  
Optimized Conditions ◽  
Made In

AbstractOrganophosphines are an important class of ligands widely used in organic chemistry. Although great progress has recently been made in the rapid construction of new phosphines through Rh- or Ru-catalyzed C–H bond functionalizations, synthetic access to more diverse phosphines remains a challenge. We describe an efficient process for the rhodium-catalyzed phosphorus(III)-directed hydroarylation of internal alkynes to generate various alkenylated and 2′,6′-dialkenylated biarylphosphines with high selectivity. A range of diverse alkynes and phosphines were effectively prepared with broad functional-group compatibility under the optimized conditions. In addition, the developed protocol can be extended to modify chiral phosphine ligands, providing enantioenriched alkenylated phosphines without erosion of the enantiomeric excess.

scholarly journals The Emerging Role of Macrophages in Immune System Dysfunction under Real and Simulated Microgravity Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2333
Author(s):  
Yulong Sun ◽  
Yuanyuan Kuang ◽  
Zhuo Zuo
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Therapeutic Drugs ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Immune System Dysfunction ◽  
Cell Immunity ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Microgravity Conditions

In the process of exploring space, the astronaut’s body undergoes a series of physiological changes. At the level of cellular behavior, microgravity causes significant alterations, including bone loss, muscle atrophy, and cardiovascular deconditioning. At the level of gene expression, microgravity changes the expression of cytokines in many physiological processes, such as cell immunity, proliferation, and differentiation. At the level of signaling pathways, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway participates in microgravity-induced immune malfunction. However, the mechanisms of these changes have not been fully elucidated. Recent studies suggest that the malfunction of macrophages is an important breakthrough for immune disorders in microgravity. As the first line of immune defense, macrophages play an essential role in maintaining homeostasis. They activate specific immune responses and participate in large numbers of physiological activities by presenting antigen and secreting cytokines. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances on the dysfunction of macrophages arisen from microgravity and to discuss the mechanisms of these abnormal responses. Hopefully, our work will contribute not only to the future exploration on the immune system in space, but also to the development of preventive and therapeutic drugs against the physiological consequences of spaceflight.

IMMUNE SYSTEM OF POIKILOTHERMIC AQUATIC ORGANISMS

2021 ◽  
pp. 71-91
Author(s):  
G.I. PRONINA ◽  
◽  
A.A. IVANOV ◽  
A.G. MANNAPOV ◽  
O.V. SANAYA
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Cationic Protein ◽  
Complement Components ◽  
Red Bone Marrow

The paper shows features of the immune system of poikilothermic aquatic organisms of different taxonomic groups: crustaceans, fish, and amphibians. Defense mechanisms of crustaceans are presented by largely innate non-specific factors: external covers (including the exoskeleton), mucus, physical and chemical barriers lysozyme in the hemolymph, propanolamine system, and phagocytosis. The authors identified 4 types of cells (hemocytes) found in the circulating fluid of crayfish, depending on the morphological and functional properties: agranulocytes, progranulin,granulocytes, and transparent cells. Each type performs different functions in the process of immune defense. In fish, there is no red bone marrow and lymph nodes, the main organs of hematopoiesis include thymus, spleen, liver, lymphoid tissue of the brain and the trunk of the kidneys,accumulation of lymphoid tissue of the cranial box, intestine, and pericardium. Humoral components of the immune response of fish are represented by immunoglobulins, system complement components, lysozyme, C-reactive protein, interferon, lysine, hemolysin, hemagglutinin. Only IgM-like antibodies represent immunoglobulins in fish. The central organ of the amphibian immune system is the red bone marrow, but its role in the immune defense of amphibians has not been sufficiently studied. Peripheral organs of the immune system include kidneys, thymus, spleen, lymphomyeloid organs. Depending on the characteristics of the immune system of poikilothermic hydrobionts of different types, the authors offer methods for assessing their humoralimmunity (by determining phenoloxidase) and cellular response (by phagocytosis). Cellular immunity, and phagocytic activity, in particular, can be evaluated using cytochemical methods taking into account oxygenindependent factors – the content of enzymatic lysosomal cationic protein in phagocytes – and oxygendependent ones – NBT-test with nitrosonium tetrazolium that records cytotoxic oxygen radicals generated during the respiratory explosion of cell stimulation in vitro.

scholarly journals The Dissolution of the Monasteries and its Impact on Education in Tudor Times

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-120
Author(s):  
Marek Smoluk
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Henry Viii ◽  
Academic Education ◽  
Political Decision ◽  
English Society ◽  
Selective Basis ◽  
Lord Chancellor ◽  
Political Decisions ◽  
Made In ◽  
Key Questions

In 1536 the English Parliament under pressure from Henry VIII and the Lord Chancellor, Thomas Cromwell, gave its consent for the dissolution of the lesser monasteries and abbeys in the king’s realm, and three years later with the sanction of MPs some of the greater religious houses also suffered the same fate. The principal aim of this paper is to assess the importance of this political decision with a view to examining the progress being made in the field of education in England in the middle of the sixteenth century resultant upon this dissolution. The evaluation of the merits and demerits originating from the suppression of the English monasteries is made in terms of both primary and academic education. The answers to these key questions are preceded by a short analysis of the reputation monasteries and abbeys had acquired by that time. Also on a selective basis, some opinions have been presented here to provide an overall picture of the standing of the monks and nuns and their concomitant activities, as perceived through the eyes of English society; the eminent scholars and humanists In particular. Subsequently, before assessing the consequences resulting from the dissolution of the religious houses in England, some consideration is given to the reasoning and rationale which lay behind both Henry VIII and his Lord Chancellor’s political decisions.

Immunohistochemical Study of Presence of T Cells, B Cells, and Macrophages in Periradicular Lesions of Primary Teeth

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 287-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Bolan ◽  
Daniele de Almeida Lima ◽  
Cláudia Pinto Figueiredo ◽  
Gabriella Di Giunta ◽  
Maria José de Carvalho Rocha
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Primary Teeth ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Periapical Lesions ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Local Inflammatory Reaction

BACKGROUND: The periapical lesion is the result of a local inflammatory reaction caused by bacteria and its products present on the root canal. The interaction between inflammatory cells and bacteria elicit both specific and non-specific immune responses. OBJETIVE: Due to the lack of studies evaluating the role of the immune system in periapical lesions of primary teeth and considering the potentially systemic effects that these infections can cause in children, especially because of the immaturity of their immune system, we sought to evaluate the presence of T cells, B cells and macrophages on periradicular lesions in primary teeth. STUDY DESIGN: 14 periradicular lesions were analyzed. The immunohistochemistry technique was performed using CD45RO, CD20, CD68 monoclonal antibodies aiming to identify T cells, B cells and macrophages, respectively. Cells were quantified by microscopic analysis of histological sections. RESULTS: Mean percentage of positive cells CD45RO was 11.76; CD20 was 5.25; CD68 was 10.92. Our results showed that T and B cells and macrophages comprise the majority of the inflammatory infiltrate. CONCLUSION: We concluded that both humoral and cell mediated immune reactions take place in periradicular lesions of primary teeth. The immune system plays an important role on the periradicular inflammatory processes in primary teeth.

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