scholarly journals Light avoidance by a non-ocular photosensing system in the terrestrial slug Limax valentianus

2019 ◽  
Vol 222 (14) ◽  
pp. jeb208595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruka Nishiyama ◽  
Akane Nagata ◽  
Yuko Matsuo ◽  
Ryota Matsuo
Keyword(s):  
Light Avoidance

scholarly journals Discrete escape responses are generated by neuropeptide-mediated circuit logic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bibi Nusreen Imambocus ◽  
Annika Wittich ◽  
Federico Tenedini ◽  
Fangmin Zhou ◽  
Chun Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escape Behavior ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Environmental Threats ◽  
Order Processing ◽  
Relaxin Family ◽  
Escape Responses ◽  
Discrete Domains ◽  
Light Avoidance ◽  
Escape Behaviors ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractAnimals display a plethora of escape behaviors when faced with environmental threats. Selection of the appropriate response by the underlying neuronal network is key to maximize chances of survival. We uncovered a somatosensory network in Drosophila larvae that encodes two escape behaviors through input-specific neuropeptide action. Sensory neurons required for avoidance of noxious light and escape in response to harsh touch, each converge on discrete domains of the same neuromodulatory hub neurons. These gate harsh touch responses via short Neuropeptide F, but noxious light avoidance via compartmentalized, acute Insulin-like peptide 7 action and cognate Relaxin-family receptor signaling in connected downstream neurons. Peptidergic hub neurons can thus act as central circuit elements for first order processing of converging sensory inputs to gate specific escape responses.One Sentence SummaryCompartment-specific neuropeptide action regulates sensory information processing to elicit discrete escape behavior in Drosophila larvae.

Light alteration caused by snow and its importance to subnivean rodents

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 1023-1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. N. Evernden ◽  
W. A. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Visible Spectrum ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Color Temperature ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Behavioral Reactions ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Blue Radiation ◽  
Light Avoidance

Silicon photocells placed in three habitats before snowfall revealed that light levels in the subnivean environment are inversely related to thickness of snow cover. Under 15 cm of snow in the fall, detectable light was sharply reduced. Under midwinter snow depths of 30 to 50 cm no light was detectable by the photocells used and color temperature readings showed greatest penetration to ground level in the red end of the visible spectrum. Sexual maturation of laboratory females of Clethrionomys gapperi was stimulated by white and blue radiation and increased daylength during late winter. Red light was not stimulatory, even over a 16-h day. As in other mammalian species, male voles did not appear to be as strongly photosensitive as females. Captive voles, given a choice of lights of different wavelength and total darkness, exhibited light-avoidance. Thus, the physiological and behavioral reactions of voles to the modified subnivean light regime ensure that subnivean winter breeding does not occur in this species. Factors controlling maturation of microtines that do breed under snow ought to be investigated.

scholarly journals Hormonal signaling cascades required for phototaxis switch in wandering Leptinotarsa decemlineata larvae

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing-Wei Meng ◽  
Qing-Yu Xu ◽  
Tao-Tao Zhu ◽  
Lin Jin ◽  
Kai-Yun Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leptinotarsa Decemlineata ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential ◽  
Receptor Potential ◽  
Niche Shift ◽  
Phototactic Behavior ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Ontogenetic Niche Shift ◽  
Transient Receptor ◽  
Light Avoidance ◽  
Pupation Site

AbstractMany animals exploit several niches sequentially during their life cycles, a fitness referred to as ontogenetic niche shift (ONS). To successfully accomplish ONS, transition between development stages is often coupled with changes in one or more primitive, instinctive behaviors. Yet, the underlining molecular mechanisms remain elusive. We show here that Leptinotarsa decemlineata larvae finish their ONS at the wandering stage by leaving the plant and pupating in soil. At middle wandering phase, larvae also switch their phototactic behavior, from photophilic at foraging period to photophobic. We find that enhancement of juvenile hormone (JH) signal delays the phototactic switch, and vise verse. Moreover, RNA interference (RNAi)-aided knockdown of LdPTTH (prothoracicotropic hormone gene) or LdTorso (PTTH receptor gene) impairs avoidance response to light, a phenotype nonrescuable by 20-hydroxyecdysone. Consequently, the RNAi beetles pupate at the soil surface or in shallow layer of soil, with most of them failing to construct pupation chambers. Furthermore, a combination of depletion of LdPTTH/LdTorso and disturbance of JH signal causes no additional effects on light avoidance response and pupation site. Finally, we establish that TrpA1 (transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channel) is necessary for light avoidance behavior, acting downstream of PTTH. We conclude that JH/PTTH cascade concomitantly regulates metamorphosis and the phototaxis switch, to drive ONS of the wandering beetles from plant into soil to start the immobile pupal stage.Author summaryMany animals occupy distinct niches and utilize diverse resources at different development stages in order to meet stage-dependent requirements and overcome stage-specific limitations. This fitness is referred to as ontogenetic niche shift (ONS). During the preparation for ONS, animals often change one or more primitive, instinctive behaviors. Holometabolous insects, with four discrete developmental periods usually in different niches, are a suitable animal group to explore the molecular modes of these behavioral switches. Here we find that Leptinotarsa decemlineata larvae, an insect defoliator of potatoes, switch their phototactic behavior, from photophilic at feeding period to photophobic during the larval-pupal transition (wandering stage). This phototactic switch facilitates the wandering larvae to accomplish the ONS from potato plant to their pupation site below ground. We show that JH/PTTH cascade controls the phototaxis switch, through a step in photo transduction between the photoreceptor molecule and the transient receptor potential cation channel.

scholarly journals A Neuronal Pathway that Commands Deceleration in Drosophila Larval Light-Avoidance

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 959-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caixia Gong ◽  
Zhenhuan Ouyang ◽  
Weiqiao Zhao ◽  
Jie Wang ◽  
Kun Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Pathway ◽  
Light Avoidance

scholarly journals Melanopsin-dependent light avoidance in neonatal mice

2010 ◽  
Vol 107 (40) ◽  
pp. 17374-17378 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Johnson ◽  
V. Wu ◽  
M. Donovan ◽  
S. Majumdar ◽  
R. C. Renteria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neonatal Mice ◽  
Light Avoidance

scholarly journals Colored Glasses to Mitigate Photophobia Symptoms Posttraumatic Brain Injury

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 725-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Clark ◽  
Kimberly Hasselfeld ◽  
Kathryn Bigsby ◽  
Jon Divine
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Light Sensitivity ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Visual Symptoms ◽  
Light Avoidance ◽  
Patients Experience

Context:  After a concussion or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), patients often suffer from light sensitivity, or photophobia, which contributes to decreased quality of life post-mTBI. Whereas sunglasses may provide some relief from photophobia, they are not practical indoors or in low light. A light-mitigation strategy can be easily used indoors as needed to optimize the relief. We have found that many photophobic patients experience relief using colored sunglasses. Objective:  To provide the athletic trainer with a means and method to assess whether an athlete is suffering from photophobia after concussion and to determine if colored glasses provide relief. Design:  Cross-sectional study. Setting:  Rehabilitation clinic. Patients or Other Participants:  Fifty-one patients being treated after concussion. Intervention(s):  We assessed postconcussion patients for visual symptoms including photophobia and photosensitivity. Off-the-shelf glasses were used to determine whether specific colors provided relief from photophobia. Screening was done using a penlight and multiple pairs of colored glasses. Main Outcome Measure(s):  Self-reported mitigation of photophobia symptoms and the specific color frequency that reduced symptoms in each individual. Results:  Of the 39 patients studied who had visual symptoms, 76% complained of photophobia. Using glasses of 1 or more colors, symptoms were relieved in 85% of patients reporting photophobia. The colors that provided the most relief were blue, green, red, and purple. No adverse events were reported. Conclusions:  An empirical assessment of frequency-specific photophobia is easy to perform. A traditional penlight is used to elicit photophobia and then the colored glasses are tested for optimal relief. Frequency-specific photophobia can be reduced with a strategy of light-mitigation therapy, including colored glasses, sunglasses, hats, and light avoidance. This, we believe, helps to improve the patient's quality of life and may aid in the recovery process. More work is needed to identify the best colors and methods of mitigating frequency-specific photophobia.

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