scholarly journals Comparative neuroethology of feeding control in molluscs

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (7) ◽  
pp. 877-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. H. Elliott ◽  
A. J. Susswein
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Functional Properties ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Carnivorous Species ◽  
Capture Techniques

SUMMARY Over the last 30 years, many laboratories have examined, in parallel, the feeding behaviour of gastropod molluscs and the properties of the nervous system that give rise to this behaviour. Equal attention to both behavioural and neurobiological issues has provided deep insight into the functioning of the nervous system in generating and controlling behaviour. The conclusions derived from studies on gastropod feeding are generally consistent with those from other systems, but often provide more detailed information on the behavioural function of a particular property of the nervous system. A review of the literature on gastropod feeding illustrates a number of important messages. (i) Many of the herbivorous gastropods display similarities in behaviour that are reflected in corresponding similarities in neural anatomy,pharmacology and physiology. By contrast, the same aspects of the behaviour of different carnivorous species are quite variable, possibly because of their specialised prey-capture techniques. Nonetheless, some aspects of the neural control of feeding are preserved. (ii) Feeding in all species is flexible,with the behaviour and the physiology adapting to changes in the current environment and internal state and as a result of past experience. Flexibility arises via processes that may take place at many neural sites, and much of the modulation underlying behavioural flexibility is understood at a systems and at a cellular level. (iii) Neurones seem to have specific functions that are consistent with their endogenous properties and their synaptic connections, suggesting that individual neurones code specific pieces of information (i.e. they are `grandmother cells'). However, the properties of a neurone can be extremely complex and can be understood only in the context of the complete neural circuit and the behaviour that it controls. In systems that are orders of magnitude more complex, it would be impossible to understand the functional properties of an individual neurone, even if it also coded specific information. (iv) Systems such as gastropod feeding may provide a model for understanding the functional properties of more complex systems.

Stomatogastric Nervous System

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Stein
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Descending Pathways ◽  
Stomatogastric Nervous System ◽  
Motor Circuits ◽  
Insight Into

The crustacean stomatogastric nervous system contains a set of distinct but interacting rhythmic motor circuits that control movements of the foregut. When isolated, these circuits produce activity patterns that are almost perfect replicas of their behavior in vivo. The ease with which distinct circuit neurons are identified, recorded, and manipulated has provided considerable insight into the general principles of how motor circuits operate and are controlled at the cellular level. The small number of relatively large neurons has facilitated several technical advances in neuroscience research and allowed the identification of one of the earliest circuit connectomes. This enabled, for the first time, studies of circuit dynamics using the relationships between all component neurons of a nervous center. A major discovery was that circuits are not dedicated to producing a single neuronal activity pattern, and that the involved neurons are not committed to particular circuits. This flexibility results predominantly from the ability of neuromodulators to change the cellular and synaptic properties of circuit neurons. The relatively unique access to, and detailed documentation of, identified circuit, sensory, and descending pathways has also started new avenues into examining how individual modulatory neurons and transmitters affect their target cells. Groundbreaking experimental and modeling work has further demonstrated that the intrinsic properties of neurons depend on their recent history of activation and that neurons and circuits counterbalance destabilizing influences by compensatory homeostatic regulation of ionic conductances. The stomatogastric microcircuits continue to provide key insight into neural circuit operation in numerically larger and less accessible systems.

Locomotor repertoire of the larval zebrafish: swimming, turning and prey capture

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (17) ◽  
pp. 2565-2579 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.A. Budick ◽  
D.M. O'Malley
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Larval Fish ◽  
Large Angle ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Behavior Patterns ◽  
Brachydanio Rerio ◽  
Larval Zebrafish

Larval zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) are a popular model system because of their genetic attributes, transparency and relative simplicity. They have approximately 200 neurons that project from the brainstem into the spinal cord. Many of these neurons can be individually identified and laser-ablated in intact larvae. This should facilitate cellular-level characterization of the descending control of larval behavior patterns. Towards this end, we attempt to describe the range of locomotor behavior patterns exhibited by zebrafish larvae. Using high-speed digital imaging, a variety of swimming and turning behaviors were analyzed in 6- to 9-day-old larval fish. Swimming episodes appeared to fall into two categories, with the point of maximal bending of the larva's body occurring either near the mid-body (burst swims) or closer to the tail (slow swims). Burst swims also involved larger-amplitude bending, faster speeds and greater yaw than slow swims. Turning behaviors clearly fell into two distinct categories: fast, large-angle escape turns characteristic of escape responses, and much slower routine turns lacking the large counterbend that often accompanies escape turns. Prey-capture behaviors were also recorded. They were made up of simpler locomotor components that appeared to be similar to routine turns and slow swims. The different behaviors observed were analyzed with regard to possible underlying neural control systems. Our analysis suggests the existence of discrete sets of controlling neurons and helps to explain the need for the roughly 200 spinal-projecting nerve cells in the brainstem of the larval zebrafish.

State of the Art on Carbonic Anhydrase Modulators for Biomedical Purposes

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (15) ◽  
pp. 2558-2573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murat Bozdag ◽  
Abdulmalik Saleh Alfawaz Altamimi ◽  
Daniela Vullo ◽  
Claudiu T. Supuran ◽  
Fabrizio Carta
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Hydration Reaction ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrases ◽  
Crucial Importance ◽  
Learning Impairments ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Potential Use

The current review is intended to highlight recent advances in the search of new and effective modulators of the metalloenzymes Carbonic Anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) expressed in humans (h). CAs reversibly catalyze the CO2 hydration reaction, which is of crucial importance in the regulation of a plethora of fundamental processes at cellular level as well as in complex organisms. The first section of this review will be dedicated to compounds acting as activators of the hCAs (CAAs) and their promising effects on central nervous system affecting pathologies mainly characterized from memory and learning impairments. The second part will focus on the emerging chemical classes acting as hCA inhibitors (CAIs) and their potential use for the treatment of diseases.

scholarly journals Neural Prosthetics:A Review of Empirical vs. Systems Engineering Strategies

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald E. Loeb
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Systems Engineering ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Cardiac Pacemaker ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Neural Prosthetic ◽  
The Many ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Electronic Technologies ◽  
Interface Materials

Implantable electrical interfaces with the nervous system were first enabled by cardiac pacemaker technology over 50 years ago and have since diverged into almost all of the physiological functions controlled by the nervous system. There have been a few major clinical and commercial successes, many contentious claims, and some outright failures. These tend to be reviewed within each clinical subspecialty, obscuring the many commonalities of neural control, biophysics, interface materials, electronic technologies, and medical device regulation that they share. This review cites a selection of foundational and recent journal articles and reviews for all major applications of neural prosthetic interfaces in clinical use, trials, or development. The hard-won knowledge and experience across all of these fields can now be amalgamated and distilled into more systematic processes for development of clinical products instead of the often empirical (trial and error) approaches to date. These include a frank assessment of a specific clinical problem, the state of its underlying science, the identification of feasible targets, the availability of suitable technologies, and the path to regulatory and reimbursement approval. Increasing commercial interest and investment facilitates this systematic approach, but it also motivates projects and products whose claims are dubious.

scholarly journals A neural circuit linking two sugar sensors regulates satiety-dependent fructose drive in Drosophila

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Yves Musso ◽  
Pierre Junca ◽  
Michael D Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Synaptic Input ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Calcium Activity ◽  
Shaped Body ◽  
Body Activity ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACTIngestion of certain sugars leads to activation of fructose sensors within the brain of flies, which then sustain or terminate feeding behavior depending on internal state. Here, we describe a three-part neural circuit that links satiety with fructose sensing. We show that AB-FBl8 neurons of the Fan-shaped body display oscillatory calcium activity when hemolymph glycemia is high, and that these oscillations require synaptic input from SLP-AB neurons projecting from the protocerebrum to the asymmetric body. Suppression of activity in this circuit, either by starvation or genetic silencing, promotes specific drive for fructose ingestion. Moreover, neuropeptidergic signaling by tachykinin bridges fan-shaped body activity and Gr43a-mediated fructose sensing. Together, our results demonstrate how a three-layer neural circuit links the detection of two sugars to impart precise satiety-dependent control over feeding behavior.

scholarly journals Ocular Autonomic Nervous System: An Update from Anatomy to Physiological Functions

Vision ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Feipeng Wu ◽  
Yin Zhao ◽  
Hong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Parasympathetic Nerves ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
New Research ◽  
Almost All

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) confers neural control of the entire body, mainly through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. Several studies have observed that the physiological functions of the eye (pupil size, lens accommodation, ocular circulation, and intraocular pressure regulation) are precisely regulated by the ANS. Almost all parts of the eye have autonomic innervation for the regulation of local homeostasis through synergy and antagonism. With the advent of new research methods, novel anatomical characteristics and numerous physiological processes have been elucidated. Herein, we summarize the anatomical and physiological functions of the ANS in the eye within the context of its intrinsic connections. This review provides novel insights into ocular studies.

scholarly journals On The Hormonal and Neural Control of the Release of Gametes in Ascidians

1951 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 463-472
Author(s):  
D. B. CARLISLE
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Sense Organ ◽  
Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Gamete Release ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Neural Region

1. It is argued that the neural gland (+ciliated pit) of ascidians is homologous with the entire pituitary of vertebrates, adenohypophysis as well as neurohypophysis. 2. Ciona and Phallusia are shown to respond to an injection of chorionic gonadotrophin by the release of gametes. 3. They respond in the same way to feeding with eggs and sperm of their own species but not to those of other species. 4. This response is prevented in both cases by section of the nerves from the ganglion to the region of the gonads. 5. Destruction of the heart and removal of the blood does not prevent the response to feeding with gametes, nor to injection of gonadotrophin into the neural region; this operation does prevent the reaction if the site of injection is elsewhere. 6. Destruction of the neural gland, leaving the ganglion intact, prevents the response to feeding with gametes, but does not prevent its following an injection of chorionic gonadotrophin. 7. The hypothesis is advanced that the neural gland (+ciliated pit) is the sense organ involved in this response to feeding, and that it produces gonadotrophin and passes it to the ganglion by a non-vascular route; the ganglion then stimulates by nervous pathways the gonads to release gametes. 8. It is suggested that gonadotrophin is here fulfilling a sensory role in passing information from sense organ to the central nervous system. It may be contrasted with adrenalin which passes instructions from the central nervous system to effectors. 9. Phallusia is shown to respond with gamete release to an injection of an extract of the neural complex of Ciona.

Functional Connectivity Relationships Predict Similarities in Task Activation and Pattern Information during Associative Memory Encoding

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 1085-1099 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen Ritchey ◽  
Andrew P. Yonelinas ◽  
Charan Ranganath
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Functional Properties ◽  
Associative Memory ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
General Level ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Memory Encoding ◽  
Cortical Regions

Neural systems may be characterized by measuring functional interactions in the healthy brain, but it is unclear whether components of systems defined in this way share functional properties. For instance, within the medial temporal lobes (MTL), different subregions show different patterns of cortical connectivity. It is unknown, however, whether these intrinsic connections predict similarities in how these regions respond during memory encoding. Here, we defined brain networks using resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) then quantified the functional similarity of regions within each network during an associative memory encoding task. Results showed that anterior MTL regions affiliated with a network of anterior temporal cortical regions, whereas posterior MTL regions affiliated with a network of posterior medial cortical regions. Importantly, these connectivity relationships also predicted similarities among regions during the associative memory task. Both in terms of task-evoked activation and trial-specific information carried in multivoxel patterns, regions within each network were more similar to one another than were regions in different networks. These findings suggest that functional heterogeneity among MTL subregions may be related to their participation in distinct large-scale cortical systems involved in memory. At a more general level, the results suggest that components of neural systems defined on the basis of RSFC share similar functional properties in terms of recruitment during cognitive tasks and information carried in voxel patterns.

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