Behavioural responses of the tiger beetle larva to moving objects: role of binocular and monocular vision

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (4) ◽  
pp. 615-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Toh ◽  
J.Y. Okamura
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Vision ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Distance Estimation ◽  
Monocular Vision ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Range Estimation ◽  
Distant Object ◽  
Tiger Beetle ◽  
Concave Lens ◽  
Tiger Beetle Larva

The larva of the tiger beetle Cicindela chinensis is an ambushing hunter with a body length of 15–22 mm that lives in a tunnel in the ground. It ambushes prey, keeping its head horizontal at the opening of the tunnel. When prey approaches the tunnel, the larva jumps to snap at it. When an object moves beyond its jumping range (approximately 15 mm), however, the larva quickly withdraws deep into the tunnel. These responses are mediated by two of six pairs of stemmata. How does the larva judge the hunting range using such a simple visual system? A previous study suggested that both binocular and monocular vision are used for distance estimation. Range estimation by binocular vision was further confirmed in the present behavioural observations: larvae jumped towards objects beyond the normal hunting range when virtual images of such distant objects were formed close to the larva using prisms or a narrow window. A possible mechanism involved in range estimation by monocular vision was also examined in behavioural experiments. The depth of the image in the retina appears to play a role in distance estimation because a larva with one functional stemma, the other stemmata being occluded, changed its response to a very distant object from an escape to a predatory jump when a concave lens was placed above its head. Two alternative ideas, based on optical and morphological data, are proposed to explain this behavioural change by the one-stemma larvae. First, as for myopic people, the larva might see clearly only objects that are close. Second, an infinitely distant object might produce a focused image only on the central part of the retina, whereas an object within hunting range (<15 mm) might do so on surrounding regions of the retina. The latter idea implies that the region of the retina at which the larva perceives a clear image is concerned with which type of behaviour is released, a predatory jump or an escape. We conclude that visual information about hunting range in the tiger beetle larva is extracted both peripherally by the spatial pattern of image clarity and centrally by binocular vision.

Observations on the “ Furau ” (Cicindelidae) of Northern Nigeria

1929 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. B. Wigglesworth
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Lesion ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
Tiger Beetle ◽  
Acid Fluid ◽  
Tiger Beetle Larva

In the “ Furau,” or Tiger-beetle larva of Nigeria, the digestion of the prey is mainly extra-intestinal. A dark brown slightly acid fluid, which is actively proteolytic and causes blackening of the tissues, is ejected from the intestine of the larva and dissolves the tissues of the prey. The resulting fluid is swept towards the mouth by the labium and re-ingested.The bites of the larvae had no effect upon the skin of a monkey or of man, and there is little doubt that the larvae have no relation to the inflammatory lesion of the foot of man, which also is called “ Furau ” in Northern Nigeria.

Inter-Vehicle Distance Estimation Method Based on Monocular Vision Using 3D Detection

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 4907-4919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Zhe ◽  
Liqin Huang ◽  
Qiang Wu ◽  
Jianjia Zhang ◽  
Chenhao Pei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Estimation Method ◽  
Distance Estimation ◽  
Monocular Vision

Fused Binocular Vision is Required for Development of Proper Eye Alignment in Barn Owls

1989 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric I. Knudsen
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Vision ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Monocular Vision ◽  
Tyto Alba ◽  
Active Process ◽  
Binocular Fusion ◽  
Barn Owls ◽  
Eye Alignment ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe eyes of adult barn owls (Tyto alba) are virtually fixed in the head in positions that are highly consistent from one individual to the next. However, early in development the eyes are exodeviated; the eyes achieve their adult positions during the owl's second month of life. Disruption of binocular vision in baby owls leads to permanent, highly abnormal eye positions and interocular alignment. Of three owls raised with both eyelids sutured closed, two developed exotropic strabismus and one developed esotropic strabismus. Two owls reared with monocular vision developed esotropic strabismus, whereas three owls reared with fused, but optically deviated binocular vision developed normal eye positions. Thus, the alignment of the eyes in adults results from an active process that depends on fused binocular vision during early life.Extracellular microelectrode recordings from the optic tecta of strabismic owls reveal that many units retain binocular inputs from corresponding points of the two eyes: the left-eye and right-eye receptive fields of individual units are misaligned by an amount predicted by the direction and magnitude of the strabismus. These results indicate that an innately determined pattern of connections in the brain anticipates the eye positions necessary to achieve binocular fusion. The hypothesis is put forth that the powerful activation of such binocular neurons by strong, synchronous inputs from the two eyes is the signal required by the optimotor system that proper eye alignment has been attained.

scholarly journals The role of binocular vision in walking

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARY HAYHOE ◽  
BARBARA GILLAM ◽  
KELLY CHAJKA ◽  
ELIA VECELLIO
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Vision ◽  
Monocular Vision ◽  
Stereoscopic Vision ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Extensive Investigation ◽  
Foot Placement ◽  
Walking Performance ◽  
The Difference

AbstractDespite the extensive investigation of binocular and stereoscopic vision, relatively little is known about its importance in natural visually guided behavior. In this paper, we explored the role of binocular vision when walking over and around obstacles. We monitored eye position during the task as an indicator of the difference between monocular and binocular performances. We found that binocular vision clearly facilitates walking performance. Walkers were slowed by about 10% in monocular vision and raised their foot higher when stepping over obstacles. Although the location and sequence of the fixations did not change in monocular vision, the timing of the fixations relative to the actions was different. Subjects spent proportionately more time fixating the obstacles and fixated longer while guiding foot placement near an obstacle. The data are consistent with greater uncertainty in monocular vision, leading to a greater reliance on feedback in the control of the movements.

scholarly journals Binocular vision and the control of foot placement during walking in natural terrain

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Bonnen ◽  
Jonathan S. Matthis ◽  
Agostino Gibaldi ◽  
Martin S. Banks ◽  
Dennis M. Levi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Vision ◽  
Visual Function ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Control Process ◽  
Visuomotor Control ◽  
The Body ◽  
Foot Placement ◽  
Sensory Uncertainty ◽  
The Impact

AbstractCoordination between visual and motor processes is critical for the selection of stable footholds when walking in uneven terrains. While recent work (Matthis et al. in Curr Biol 8(28):1224–1233, 2018) demonstrates a tight link between gaze (visual) and gait (motor), it remains unclear which aspects of visual information play a role in this visuomotor control loop, and how the loss of this information affects that relationship. Here we examine the role of binocular information in the visuomotor control of walking over complex terrain. We recorded eye and body movements while normally-sighted participants walked over terrains of varying difficulty, with intact vision or with vision in one eye blurred to disrupt binocular vision. Gaze strategy was highly sensitive to the complexity of the terrain, with more fixations dedicated to foothold selection as the terrain became more difficult. The primary effect of increased sensory uncertainty due to disrupted binocular vision was a small bias in gaze towards closer footholds, indicating greater pressure on the visuomotor control process. Participants with binocular vision losses due to developmental disorders (i.e., amblyopia, strabismus), who have had the opportunity to develop alternative strategies, also biased their gaze towards closer footholds. Across all participants, we observed a relationship between an individual’s typical level of binocular visual function and the degree to which gaze is shifted toward the body. Thus the gaze–gait relationship is sensitive to the level of sensory uncertainty, and deficits in binocular visual function (whether transient or long-standing) have systematic effects on gaze strategy in complex terrains. We conclude that binocular vision provides useful information for locating footholds during locomotion. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that combined eye/body tracking in natural environments can be used to provide a more detailed understanding of the impact of a type of vision loss on the visuomotor control process of walking, a vital everyday task.

Monocular vision based range estimation supported by proprioceptive motion

2016 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 98-111
Author(s):  
P. Davidson ◽  
◽  
J-P. Raunio ◽  
R. Piché R. ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monocular Vision ◽  
Range Estimation

scholarly journals Manipulation of visual information does not change the accuracy of distance estimation during a blindfolded walking task

2013 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 794-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Commins ◽  
Kelsie McCormack ◽  
Erin Callinan ◽  
Helen Fitzgerald ◽  
Eoin Molloy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Distance Estimation
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