Limits to sustained energy intake

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (11) ◽  
pp. 1925-1935 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Johnson ◽  
S. C. Thomson ◽  
J. R. Speakman
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Laboratory Mice ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Gross Energy

SUMMARY Laboratory mice (strain MF1) were used to determine whether sustainable rates of energy intake are limited during lactation. Mice raising natural-sized litters (N=71) reached an asymptote in their daily food intake between days 13 and 16 of lactation at 23.1gday−1 and also between litter sizes of 9 and 15 pups (22.8gday−1). A second group of 37 females had their litter sizes manipulated at birth to raise more or fewer offspring than they gave birth to. When the litter size was increased, females did not increase their food intake to match their new litter size. However, when litter size was decreased, females decreased their asymptotic daily food intake during late lactation in relation to the extent of reduction in litter size. Therefore, it appeared that females were limited during late lactation and with large litter sizes. The milk energy exported amounted to 44% of the gross energy intake, and the estimated daily energy expenditure was therefore considerably lower than the sustained energy intake [8.0×RMR(gross), 6.6×RMR(assimilated)], and averaged 3.1×RMR, where RMR is resting metabolic rate. It was not possible to determine whether the apparent limit on sustained energy intake was acting centrally or peripherally because of the asymptotes in both food intake and milk energy output with increasing litter size.

Limits to sustained energy intake

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (11) ◽  
pp. 1947-1956 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Johnson ◽  
S. C. Thomson ◽  
J. R. Speakman
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lower Mass ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation

SUMMARYTo determine whether mice were limited in their capacity to absorb energy during late lactation, we attempted to increase the energy burden experienced by a group of female mice during late lactation by mating them at the postpartum oestrus, hence combining the energy demands of pregnancy and lactation. These experimental mice were therefore concurrently pregnant and lactating in their first lactation, and were followed through a normal second lactation. In a control group, females also underwent two lactations but sequentially, with the second mating after the first litter had been weaned. Maternal mass and food intake were measured throughout the first lactation, second pregnancy and second lactation. Maternal resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured prior to the first mating and then at the peak of both the first and second lactations. Litter size and litter mass were also measured throughout both lactations. In the first lactation, experimental mice had a lower mass-independent RMR (F1,88=5.15, P=0.026) and raised significantly heavier pups (t=2.77, d.f.=32, P=0.0093) than the control mice. Experimental mice delayed implantation at the start of the second pregnancy. The extent of the delay was positively related to litter size during the first lactation (F1,19=4.58, P=0.046) and negatively related to mean pup mass (F1,19=5.78, P=0.027) in the first lactation. In the second lactation, the experimental mice gave birth to more (t=2.75, d.f.=38, P=0.0092) and lighter (t=−5.01, d.f.=38, P<0.0001) pups than did the controls in their second lactation. Maternal asymptotic daily food intake of control mice in the second lactation was significantly higher (t=−4.39, d.f.=37, P=0.0001) than that of the experimental mice and higher than that of controls during their first lactation. Despite the added burden on the experimental females during their first lactation, there was no increase in their food intake, which suggested that they might be limited by their capacity to absorb energy. However, control females appeared to be capable of increasing their asymptotic food intake beyond the supposed limits estimated previously, suggesting that the previously established limit was not a fixed central limitation on food intake. As RMR increased in parallel with the increase in food intake during the second lactation of control mice, the sustained energy intake remained at around 7.0×RMR.

Optimal litter size: Does it cost more to raise a large litter in Caluromys philander?

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 1511-1515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martine Atramentowicz
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Weaning Food ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Litter Mass ◽  
Large Litter ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Optimal Litter Size

Food intake of lactating Caluromys philander, a didelphid marsupial, was recorded from parturition until weaning of the pouch young. Variation in the average caloric value of daily food intake throughout lactation, in relation to litter size, showed no significant differences, but females increased food intake during late lactation, prior to weaning. Food intake was positively correlated with total litter mass at weaning. Moreover, there were significant differences in body mass and body length of offspring at first pouch exit (3 months) and at weaning (4 months): young born in small litters (1–3) were bigger than those born in large litters (6–7). Reproductive success is discussed on the assumption that pouch-young survival depends on food resources.

The effect of nutrition on the reproductive performance of first-litter sows 1. Feeding level during lactation, and between weaning and mating

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. King ◽  
I. H. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Factorial Experiment ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Lactation Length ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Ad Libitum

ABSTRACTA factorial experiment was conducted with 80 first-litter sows and involved two levels of feeding during lactation (ad libitum or 2·0 kg/day), and two levels of feeding between weaning and mating (4·0 or 1·5 kg/day).Average lactation length was 32·2 days. Sows given 2·0 kg/day during lactation lost more backfat (6·3 v. 0·9 mm; P < 0·05) and more live weight (36·8 v. 9·1 kg; P < 0·05) during lactation than sows fed ad libitum and whose average daily food intake was 4·47 kg. Sows receiving 20 kg/day during lactation took longer to return to oestrus after weaning. Within 8 days of weaning more sows fed ad libitum during lactation ovulated (0·90 v. 0·40; x2 = 20·0; P < 0·001) and exhibited oestrus (0·78 v. 0·38; x2 = 12·8; P < 0·001) than sows whose food intake throughout lactation was restricted. Ovulation rate, subsequent litter size and embryonic mortality were not significantly affected by feeding level during lactation.Post-weaning feeding level did not affect the interval between weaning and oestrus. However, sows receiving 4·0 kg/day between weaning and mating had higher ovulation rates (14·8 v. 13·0; P < 0·05) and a greater litter size (10·0 v. 8·8; P < 0·1) at the subsequent farrowing.

scholarly journals Breakfast Habits Are Associated with Mood, Sleep Quality, and Daily Food Intake in Healthy Adults (OR08-02-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jess Gwin ◽  
Morgan Braden ◽  
Heather Leidy
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Sleep Health ◽  
Breakfast Consumption ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Perceived Sleep Quality

Abstract Objectives Optimal eating patterns and sleep quality are key components to achieving a healthy lifestyle. Although increasing evidence illustrates associations between daily food intake and sleep quality, limited data exist with respect to whether specific eating occasions, such as breakfast consumption, are related to sleep and mood. Thus, the purpose of this study was to identify novel associations between breakfast habits, daily intake, sleep quality, and well-being in young, healthy adults. Methods Sixty-six healthy, young adults (age: 25.0 ± 0.6 y; BMI: 24.7 ± 0.9 kg/m2) completed the following cross-sectional study. Demographic and breakfast habits were assessed through a lifestyle questionnaire. Sleep quality was assessed via 7 day actigraphy and sleep diaries. Daily food intake was estimated using 3-day dietary recalls. Retrospective breakfast groups were identified based on whether the participant consumes breakfast 7 days/week or skips breakfast at least 1 day/week. Results Breakfast frequency was positively correlated with perceived waking alertness (r = 0.283; P < 0.03) and negatively correlated with daily energy intake (r = −0.339; P < 0.01) and daily fat intake, (−0.383; P < 0.003). Further, breakfast frequency and tended to be positively correlated with perceived sleep quality (r = 0.219; P = 0.078) and perceived waking mood (r = 0.233; P = 0.06). Measured sleep duration, latency, and efficiency were not associated with breakfast frequency. When comparing differences between breakfast groups, those that habitually consume breakfast exhibit better perceived sleep quality, mood upon waking, and alertness upon waking compared to those that skip breakfast (all, P < 0.05). In addition, daily energy intake was lower in breakfast consumers vs. those who skip breakfast (2058 ± 416 vs. 2396 ± 777 kcals, respectively; P < 0.05). Daily carbohydrate intake also tended to be lower in the breakfast consumers vs. those who skip breakfast (P = 0.09). No differences in measured sleep outcomes were detected between the groups. Conclusions Collectively, these findings suggest that breakfast consumption is associated with mood, sleep health, and eating habits in young, healthy adults. Long-term experimental trials are needed to assess a causal role of breakfast on sleep health, mood, and dietary patterns. Funding Sources Leprino Foods.

scholarly journals Association of Daily Dietary Intake and Inflammation Induced by Marathon Race

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bharbara N. Passos ◽  
Mirthes C. Lima ◽  
Ana P. R. Sierra ◽  
Rodrigo A. Oliveira ◽  
Jaqueline F. S. Maciel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Carbohydrate Intake ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Marathon Race ◽  
Daily Food

Daily food intake is crucial to maintain health and determine endogenous fuel to practice endurance exercise. We investigated the association between quantity of macronutrient and micronutrient daily intake and inflammation induced by long-distance exercise. Methods. Forty-four Brazilian male amateurs’ marathon finishers from 30 to 55 years old participated in this study. Blood samples were collected 1 day before, immediately after, and 1 day and 3 days after São Paulo International Marathon. The serum levels of IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-8, IL-12p70, and TNF-α were measured to evaluate inflammation. Dietary intake was determined using a prospective method of three food records in the week before marathon race. Results. Marathon race promoted an elevation on IL-6, IL-8, IL-1-β, and IL-10 immediately after the race. The energy intake (EI), carbohydrate, fiber, folic acid, vitamin E, vitamin D, calcium, magnesium, and potassium intakes was below recommended. Immediately after the marathon race, we observed a negative correlation between IL-8 and daily EI, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, iron, calcium, potassium, and sodium intakes, and higher levels of IL-8 on runners with <3 g/kg/day of carbohydrate intake compared to runners with >5 g/kg/day. We demonstrated a positive correlation between daily carbohydrate intake and IL-10 and a negative correlation between TNF-α and % of energy intake recommended, carbohydrate and fiber intakes. Finally, runners with adequate EI had lower levels of IL-1β and TNF-α compared with low EI immediately after the race. Conclusion. Nutrition strategies to promote balanced diet in amateur runners seem to be as important as immunonutrition sports market. Daily food intake, mainly EI, electrolyte and carbohydrate intakes, may modulate exacerbated inflammation after endurance exercise.

scholarly journals Associations between energy intake, daily food intake and energy density of foods and BMI z-score in 2–9-year-old European children

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 673-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hebestreit ◽  
C. Börnhorst ◽  
G. Barba ◽  
A. Siani ◽  
I. Huybrechts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Daily Food

scholarly journals Erratum to: Associations between energy intake, daily food intake and energy density of foods and BMI z-score in 2–9 year old European children

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 1297-1298
Author(s):  
A. Hebestreit ◽  
C. Börnhorst ◽  
G. Barba ◽  
A. Siani ◽  
I. Huybrechts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Daily Food

Factors associated with average pig weight at weaning on farms using early weaning

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Koketsu ◽  
G. D. Dial
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Early Weaning ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Weaning Age

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate the effect of various factors on average pig weight at weaning on farms using early weaning. Farms were selected based on average weaning age and whether they recorded lactation food intake and litter weights at weaning. The database contained 9834 litter weights and 8903 food intake records. Average pig weight at weaning, litter size at weaning, weaning age, and average daily food intake during lactation (ADFl) were 4·9 (s.d. 1·0) kg, 9·3 (s.d. 1·6) pigs, 16·8 (s.d. 2·8) days, and 4·9 (s.d. 1·1) kg, respectively. Litter size, weaning age, parity, farrowing season, and ADFl groups influenced average pig weight at weaning (P < 0·01). Three two-way interactions between parity and season, weaning age and farrowing season, and weaning age and ADFl groups were found fP < 0·01). Average pig weights for litter sizes between six and 10 were higher than those between litter sizes one and four, and 11 and 22. Parity 1 sows produced lighter pig weights than any other parity group during any other season (P < 0·01). Average weights of weaned pigs farrowed during the summer in all parities groups were lighter (P < 0·01) than those during the autumn. Pig weights for weaning ages between 22 and 21 days during the summer tended to be lighter than those during the autumn. Pigs weaned between days 16 and 22 of age in the high ADFI group (>5·6 kg) were heavier (P < 0·01) than those in the low ADFl (> 4·2 kg) group.

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