Embryonic temperature modulates muscle growth characteristics in larval and juvenile herring

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (5) ◽  
pp. 623-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
I A Johnston ◽  
N J Cole ◽  
M Abercromby ◽  
V L A Vierira
Keyword(s):  
White Muscle ◽  
Seawater Temperature ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Horizontal Septum ◽  
Different Temperatures

The influence of embryonic and larval temperature regime on muscle growth was investigated in Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus L.). Eggs of spring-spawning Clyde herring were incubated at 5 degrees C, 8 degrees C or 12 degrees C until hatching and then reared until after metamorphosis at rising temperatures to simulate a seasonal warming. Metamorphosis to the juvenile stage was complete at 37 mm total length (TL), after an estimated 177 days as a larva at 5 degrees C, 117 days at 8 degrees C and 101 days at 12 degrees C. Growth rate and the development of median fins were retarded in relation to body length at 5 degrees C compared with 8 degrees C and 12 degrees C. Between hatching (at 8-9 mm TL) and 16 mm TL, there was a threefold increase in total muscle cross-sectional area, largely due to the hypertrophy of the embryonic red and white muscle fibres. The recruitment of additional white muscle fibres started at approximately 15 mm TL at all temperatures, and by 37 mm was estimated to be 66 fibres day-1 at 5 degrees C and 103 fibres day-1 at 8 degrees C and 12 degrees C. Peptide mapping studies revealed a change in myosin heavy chain composition in white muscle fibres between 20 and 25 mm TL. Embryonic red muscle fibres expressed fast myosin light chains until 24-28 mm TL at 5 degrees C and 22 mm TL at 12 degrees C, and new red fibres were added at the horizontal septum starting at the same body lengths. Following metamorphosis, the total cross-sectional area of muscle was similar at different temperatures, although the number of red and white fibres per myotome was significantly greater at the warmest than at the coldest regime. For example, the mean number of white muscle fibres per myotome in 50 mm TL juveniles was calculated to be 23.4 % higher at 12 degrees C (12 065) than at 5 degrees C (9775). In other experiments, spring-spawning (Clyde) and autumn-spawning (Manx) herring were reared at different temperatures until first feeding and then transferred to ambient seawater temperature and fed ad libitum for constant periods. These experiments showed that, for both stocks, the temperature of embryonic development influenced the subsequent rate of muscle fibre recruitment and hypertrophy as well as the density of muscle nuclei. Labelling experiments with 5'-bromo-2-deoxyuridine showed that both the hypertrophy and recruitment of muscle fibres involved a rapidly proliferating population of myogenic precursor cells. The cellular mechanisms underlying the environmental modulation of muscle growth phenotype are discussed.

Muscle growth and development in Atlantic cod larvae (Gadus morhua L.), related to different somatic growth rates

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (15) ◽  
pp. 2111-2120 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.F. Galloway ◽  
E. Kjorsvik ◽  
H. Kryvi
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
First Feeding

The present study describes the development of the axial musculature in first-feeding larvae of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) with different somatic growth rates achieved by using different nutritional conditions. Muscle growth was assessed by determining the number of muscle fibres (hyperplasia) and the growth of existing fibres (hypertrophy). Larvae were fed rotifers containing a high (1. 4; treatment 1) or low (0.2; treatment 2) ratio of docosahexaenoic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid from day 5 after hatching. From day 17, the larvae were fed Artemia nauplii with the same enrichment in both treatments. Treatment 1 gave the highest somatic growth rate and hence the highest dry mass at the end of the experiment, but no difference in larval standard length was found between treatments. In slow-growing larvae, higher priority was thus put into reaching a certain length than into increasing muscle mass. The largest fibres, which were present from hatching, increased in cross-sectional area during larval development, but no differences were found between treatments in the cross-sectional area of individual fibres or the total cross-sectional area of these fibres at the end of the experiment. The first white recruitment fibres were observed at the dorsal and ventral apices of the myotome at approximately the onset of first feeding (larval length 4.5 mm). In larvae 8.5 mm long, the total cross-sectional area of white muscle fibres in the treatment 2 group was 75 % of that in the treatment 1 group. The highest somatic growth rate was associated with an increased contribution of hyperplasia to axial white muscle growth. In the faster-growing larval group, the relative contribution of hyperplasia to the total white muscle cross-sectional area was 50 %, whereas it was 41 % in the slower-growing larval group. The subsequent growth potential may thus be negatively affected by inadequate larval feeding.

The effect of selection for altered body weight on the ultrastructural components of skeletal muscle fibres

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-227
Author(s):  
A. C. B. Hooper ◽  
M. P. Hurley
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Selection For

ABSTRACTUltrastructural parameters of muscle growth were measured in lines of mice which had undergone 15 generations of selection for high and low body weight. Previous light microscopic studies of these lines had shown that selection for altered body weight evokes correlated responses in the weight of skeletal muscles as a result of changes in both the number and the longitudinal and transverse dimensions of the fibres.The length of the myosin filaments and of the actin filaments (including the Z disc) did not differ significantly from the controls in the mm. sternomastoideus, biceps brachii and tibialis anterior of mature male mice from the two selection lines. The mean cross-sectional area of the myofibrils of the mm. sternomastoideus and biceps brachii were also unaltered by selection for high and low body weight. Changes in the area of the fibres were brought about by increases and decreases in the number of their constituent myofibrils and corresponding changes in the non-contractile elements.Selection for high and low body weight did not affect the dimensions of the contractile elements of the muscle fibres. The genetically determined alterations in the length and cross-sectional area of the fibres were due to changes in the number of their constituent sarcomeres and myofibrils. These changes are similar to those which occur during growth.

Temperature and family effects on muscle cellularity at hatch and first feeding in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian A. Johnston ◽  
H. Anne McLay
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
First Feeding

Muscle cellularity was investigated in alevins from five families of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) reared at variable ambient temperatures averaging 4.3 °C and in water heated to ca. 8 °C. At hatch, fish reared at 8 °C had fewer muscle fibres and myonuclei per myotome and lower mean fibre cross-sectional areas than fish reared at ambient temperature. The total cross-sectional area of white muscle was 40% less in the group reared at 8 °C than in the group reared at ambient temperature. Muscle cellularity and response to temperature varied among families and there was evidence of interactions with temperature and developmental stage. The number of red and white muscle fibres approximately doubled between hatch and first feeding. At hatch, red muscle fibres stained with an antibody to fast myosin light chains, but expression was gradually switched off as development proceeded. Following hatch, alevins reared at 8 °C were more effective in translating yolk into muscle than those reared at ambient temperature, so towards the end of yolk resorption there were no significant differences in fibre number or cross-sectional area.

Observations on the number of nuclei within the fibres of some red and white muscles

1977 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.G. Burleigh
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
Phasic Type ◽  
The One ◽  
Red And White Muscles

Nuclei have been enumerated in muscle fibres of different physiological properties within adult rats and rabbits. Almost invariably, and regardless of muscle type, there is a direct relationship between the cross-sectional area (or fibre breadth) of muscle fibres and the number of nuclei within them. The one exception occurred in muscles of older rats where increased nuclear numbers do not always appear to result in broader muscle fibres. The greater complement of nuclei in broader fibres is accompanied by larger amounts of cell substance per nucleus. Confirming early observations in the literature, red fibres of the slow-phasic type have more nuclei than have white, fast-phasic fibres of similar breadth. These conclusions are not vitiated by differences in the number of nuclei within capillaries or in satellite cells, by differences in nuclear length or by variation in the degree to which fibres are contracted. In respect of their complement of nuclei, and the average amount of cell substance formed per nucleus the small red fibres that occur within muscles of predominantly fast-phasic character appear to be fast-rather than slow-phasic in type. When the number of nuclei observed per fibre is plotted against fibre cross-sectional area, the shapes of the resulting distributions suggest that estimates of muscle nuclei may be valuable not only as an index of growth potential, but of the extent to which that potential is expressed. In one muscle, the above distribution was of a form which indicated that some fibres may have formed abnormally large amounts of protein per nucleus. However, this was not adequately confirmed. Various factors have been investigated that are relevant to the accuracy of enumerating nuclei and measuring fibre breadths.

Stretch-induced growth in chicken wing muscles: effects on hereditary muscular dystrophy

1982 ◽  
Vol 242 (3) ◽  
pp. C178-C183 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Ashmore
Keyword(s):  
Muscular Dystrophy ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Muscle Pathology ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Normal Muscle ◽  
Dystrophic Muscle ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Passive Stretch

Skeletal muscle growth induced by passive stretch was characterized in the Patigialis muscle of chicks with hereditary muscular dystrophy. When the muscle of 6-wk-old chicks was stretched for 1 wk, the effects on muscle growth and on muscle pathology were variable, but in general few differences between stretched and unstretched muscles were observed. However, when the muscle of 1-wk-old chicks was stretched for 6 wk, the effects on muscle growth and on prevention of pathology were dramatic. Similar to results obtained previously when normal chick muscles were stretched [Holly et al., Am. J. Physiol. 238 (Cell Physiol. 7): C62-C71, 1980; Barnett et al., Am. J. Physiol. 239 (Cell Physiol. 8): C39-C46, 1980], stretched dystrophic muscle increased in weight (200%), cross-sectional area (107%), and fiber cross-sectional area (82%). DNA concentration, which is severalfold higher in unstretched dystrophic muscle compared with unstretched normal muscle, fell to values not different from normal values after being stretched. Nuclei per square millimeter also were the same for stretched dystrophic and stretched normal muscle. Histograms indicated that stretching induced a fiber distribution in dystrophic muscle qualitatively similar to that found in stretched normal muscle. Cytochemical observations revealed a dramatic protective effect of stretch against the progressive pathology of dystrophy. It is concluded that stretch of muscle applied to newly hatched dystrophic chicks is a powerful deterrent of symptoms characteristic of hereditary muscular dystrophy. Stretch imposed after the symptoms of dystrophy are apparent provides little, if any, protection.

scholarly journals Variable maternal nutrition and growth hormone treatment in the second quarter of pregnancy in pigs alter semitendinosus muscle in adolescent progeny

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn L. Gatford ◽  
Jason E. Ekert ◽  
Karina Blackmore ◽  
Miles J. De Blasio ◽  
Jodie M. Boyce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Large White ◽  
Semitendinosus Muscle ◽  
Gh Treatment ◽  
Cross Sectional

Maternal nutrition and growth hormone (GH) treatment during early- to mid-pregnancy can each alter the subsequent growth and differentiation of muscle in progeny. We have investigated the effects of varying maternal nutrition and maternal treatment with porcine (p) GH during the second quarter of pregnancy in gilts on semitendinosus muscle cross-sectional area and fibre composition of progeny, and relationships between maternal and progeny measures and progeny muscularity. Fifty-three Large White×Landrace gilts, pregnant to Large White×Duroc boars, were fed either 2·2 kg (about 35 % ad libitum intake) or 3·0 kg commercial ration (13·5 MJ digestible energy, 150 g crude protein (N×6·25)/kg DM)/d and injected with 0, 4 or 8 mg pGH/d from day 25 to 50 of pregnancy, then all were fed 2·2 kg/d for the remainder of pregnancy. The higher maternal feed allowance from day 25 to 50 of pregnancy increased the densities of total and secondary fibres and the secondary:primary fibre ratio in semitendinosus muscles of their female progeny at 61 d of age postnatally. The densities of secondary and total muscle fibres in semitendinosus muscles of progeny were predicted by maternal weight before treatment and maternal plasma insulin-like growth factor-II during treatment. Maternal pGH treatment from day 25 to day 50 of pregnancy did not alter fibre densities, but increased the cross-sectional area of the semitendinosus muscle; this may be partially explained by increased maternal plasma glucose. Thus, maternal nutrition and pGH treatment during the second quarter of pregnancy in pigs independently alter muscle characteristics in progeny.

scholarly journals Comparison of different skeletal muscles from growing domestic pigs and wild boars

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 766-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Lösel ◽  
A. Franke ◽  
C. Kalbe
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Psoas Major ◽  
Fast Twitch

Abstract. The domestication process of pigs was associated with substantial morphological and physiological changes. The aim of this study was to comparatively investigate muscle microstructure and biochemical properties of four different skeletal muscles (M. longissimus, M. semitendinosus, M. psoas major, M. rhomboideus) in growing domestic pigs (n=5) and wild boars (n=4). The superiority of domestic pigs in body and muscle growth at three months of age was reflected by a 4-fold body weight and higher absolute weights of heart, liver and muscles. Relative muscle weights of M. psoas major and M. rhomboideus were reduced, whereas a 1.6-fold heavier M. semitendinosus was observed in domestic pigs compared with wild boars. In addition, the muscle cross-sectional area was greater in all muscles of domestic pigs resulting from about 3-fold fibre cross-sectional area, whereas total fibre number remained unchanged. As a consequence of intensified fibre hypertrophy, the fibre area per capillary is higher in all muscles of domestic pigs. Thus, the impaired supply with oxygen and nutrients may be one reason for the shift to the glycolytic muscle metabolism as indicated by a greater proportion of fast-twitch glycolytic fibres at the expense of fast-twitch oxidative fibres. This is also reflected by a higher ratio of lactate dehydrogenase to isocitrate dehydrogenase activity. Our data suggest that the intensified muscle growth was realized by myofibre hypertrophy at unchanged myofibre number in growing domestic pigs. It seems that domestication-induced changes were most pronounced in M. semitendinosus as the exterior ham muscle which may be related to muscle specific selection for lean growth.

scholarly journals Heart size and mean muscle fibre cross-sectional area related to birth weight in pigs

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 259 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. RUUSUNEN ◽  
E. PUOLANNE ◽  
K. PARTANEN
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional

One of the aims in domestic pig breeding has been to increase the size of litters resulting in variation in birth weight of piglets. Pig breeding has also resulted in increased body muscle mass. Muscles with the same size can consist either of large number of thin muscle fibres or small number of thick muscle fibres. Larger body muscle content means that in living animal the heart must pump blood to larger muscle mass than earlier. Our interest in this study was to investigate the relationship between the pig’s birth weight and (i) growth performance and carcass composition, (ii) the size of organs, and (iii) the mean muscle fibre cross-sectional area at slaughter. The study consisted of twenty pigs slaughtered at the age of 165±2 days. The day after the slaughter, the carcass composition was determined by dissecting the chilled carcass into lean, fat, bones, and skin and organs were weighed. The average cross sectional area of muscle fibres was determined from three fast-twitch muscles longissimus dorsi, semimembranosus, gluteus superficialis, and two slow-twitch muscles infraspinatus and masseter. The birth weight of pigs ranged from 0.9 to 2.2 kg. We found no clear relationships between the birth weight and the pig’s growth performance from birth to slaughter. When the birth weight increased the heart weight at slaughter increased as well (P < 0.01). The heart weight was higher in those pigs with high carcass weight (P < 0.05) and with the high weight of total muscle mass in the carcass (P < 0.001). The cross sectional area of muscle fibres in M. longissimus dorsi (P < 0.05), M. semimembranosus (P < 0.10), and M. gluteus superficialis (P < 0.05) was larger in those pigs with low birth weight compared to those found in pigs with high birth weight.;

Variability in skeletal muscle fibre characteristics during repeated muscle biopsy sampling in human vastus lateralis

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 368-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua P. Nederveen ◽  
George Ibrahim ◽  
Stephen A. Fortino ◽  
Tim Snijders ◽  
Dinesh Kumbhare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Biopsy ◽  
Fibre Type ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Type Distribution ◽  
Fibre Type Distribution

The percutaneous muscle biopsy procedure is an invaluable tool for characterizing skeletal muscle and capillarization. Little is known about methodological or biological variation stemming from the technique in heterogeneous muscle. Five muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis of a group of young men (n = 29, 22 ± 1 years) over a 96-h period. We investigated the repeatability of fibre distribution, indices of muscle capillarization and perfusion, and myofibre characteristics. No differences between the biopsies were reported in myofibre type distribution, cross-sectional area (CSA), and perimeter. Capillary-to-fibre perimeter exchange index and individual capillary-fibre contacts were unchanged with respect to the location of the muscle biopsy and index of capillarization. The variability in the sampling distribution of fibre type specific muscle CSA increased when fewer than 150 muscle fibres were quantified. Variability in fibre type distribution increased when fewer than 150 muscle fibres were quantified. Myofibre characteristics and indices of capillarization are largely consistent throughout the vastus lateralis when assessed via the skeletal muscle biopsy technique. Novelty Markers of muscle capillarization and perfusion were unchanged across multiple sites of the human vastus lateralis. Myofibre characteristics such as muscle cross-sectional area, perimeter, and fibre type distribution were also unchanged. Variation of muscle CSA was higher when fewer than 150 muscle fibres were quantified.

The α7β1-integrin increases muscle hypertrophy following multiple bouts of eccentric exercise

2011 ◽  
Vol 111 (4) ◽  
pp. 1134-1141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Zou ◽  
Benjamin M. Meador ◽  
Brian Johnson ◽  
Heather D. Huntsman ◽  
Ziad Mahmassani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Eccentric Exercise ◽  
Muscle Hypertrophy ◽  
Mechanical Strain ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Downhill Running

Mechanical stimuli increase skeletal muscle growth in a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)- and p70S6K-dependent manner. It has been proposed that costameric proteins at Z bands may sense and transfer tension to these initiators of protein translation, but few candidates have been identified. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a role exists for the α7-integrin in the activation of hypertrophic signaling and growth following eccentric exercise training. Five-week-old, wild-type (WT) and α7BX2-integrin transgenic (α7Tg) mice were randomly assigned to one of two groups: 1) sedentary (SED), or 2) exercise training (EX). Exercise training consisted of downhill running 3 sessions/wk for 4 wk (−20°, 17 m/min, 30 min). Downhill running was used to induce physiological mechanical strain. Twenty-four hours following the final training session, maximal isometric hindlimb plantar flexor force was measured. Gastrocnemius-soleus complexes were collected for further analysis of signaling changes, which included AKT, mTOR and p70S6K, and muscle growth. Despite increased p70S6K activity in WT/EX, no significant changes in cross-sectional area or force were observed in WT/EX compared with WT/SED. AKT, mTOR, and p70S6K activation was higher, and whole muscle hypertrophy, relative muscle weight, myofibrillar protein, and force were significantly elevated in α7Tg/EX compared with α7Tg/SED. A marked increase in average myofiber cross-sectional area was observed in α7Tg/EX compared with all groups. Our findings demonstrate that the α7β1-integrin sensitizes skeletal muscle to mechanical strain and subsequent growth. Thus the α7β1-integrin may represent a novel molecular therapy for the treatment of disuse muscle atrophy.

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