scholarly journals On the Behaviour of Wireworms of the Genus Agriotes Esch. (Coleoptera, Elateridae)

1943 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-60
Author(s):  
A. D. LEES
Keyword(s):  
Differential Effect ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Burrow System ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Excess Moisture ◽  
Burrowing Activity ◽  
Single Larva ◽  
Good Agreement

1. Simple methods are described by which wireworms could be offered the choice of two alternative moistures. 2 . An account is given of the construction of a burrow. The extension of the burrow system by a single larva falls off with time; it is probable that under natural conditions such a system is semipermanent. 3. Wireworms migrate rapidly out of dry sand and aggregate in wet sand. This is due solely to the differential effect of moisture on the burrowing activity (ortho-kinesis). 4. Burrowing wireworms do not respond to gravity. 5. The feeding activity of a small population of larvae was found to be much greater at low than at high moistures. This is partly the result of the inactivity of the larvae when exposed to high moistures, and their consequent failure to reach the food. The presence of excess moisture, however, also has the effect of inhibiting all muscular activity, and this influences the manipulation of the mouth parts during feeding and locomotion alike. 6. These results are in good agreement with a number of purely ecological observations on wireworm behaviour.

Efficiency of filter feeding of black fly larvae (Diptera: Simuliidae)

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 1608-1623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel C. Kurtak
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Filter Feeding ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fly Larvae ◽  
Single Larva

Larvae of nine species of black flies were exposed to synthetic particles in the laboratory. Sizes and concentrations of particles were chosen to simulate natural conditions. Smaller particles (diameter 5–10 μm) were offered at a rate of 50–100/cephalic fan area per second, and larger ones (diameter approximately 150 μm) at 0.3–1.0/cephalic fan area per second. Experiments were conducted at water velocities of 30, 50, and 70 cm/s.In all the laboratory experiments, only a small percentage of the particles passing through an area equal to that of the cephalic fans of a single larva were ingested. Particles larger than the spacing between the fan rays were ingested more efficiently than smaller ones. At 50 cm/s, the mean percentage ingested for all species was 1.6% (0.14–8.3%) of particles 150 μm in diameter and 0.094% (0.0026–0.76%) of particles 5–10 μm in diameter. The percentage of material ingested decreased at higher concentrations and water velocities. There were significant differences among the species.Experiments were done with one of the species in the field with similar results.Based on this work, an individual black fly larva in nature probably ingests 1–10% by weight of the material passing through its cephalic fans.

scholarly journals DNA-Fingerprintuntersuchungen bei 4 Ziegenrassen zur Auswertung populationsgenetischer Parameter – einschließlich bei der gefährdeten Thüringer Wald Ziege

1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 495-510
Author(s):  
R. Falge ◽  
V. Terletski ◽  
K. Stier ◽  
J. W. Carnwath ◽  
H. Niemann
Keyword(s):  
Southern Blotting ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Goat Breed ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Sheep Breeds ◽  
Pooled Dna ◽  
Multilocus Dna Fingerprinting ◽  
Average Similarity ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. Title ofthe paper: Investigations of population genetic parameters using multilocus DNA fingerprinting in 4 goat breeds in Germany Conventional fmgerprint banding pattems were produced by Southern blotting and digoxigenm labeled oligonucleotid probes (GTG)5 and (GT)g. Digitised images of the blots were analysed with the RFLPscan Computer program. These probes produced more bands (20–39 distinct informative bands within each group) in these goat breeds than in sheep breeds. Typically, in individual goats, an average of 8–11 bands were detected in the range of 4.3–23 kb. Analysis ofthe Polymorphie banding pattems showed that 4.5 to 8.3 genetic loci were represented by these probes. The analysis of pooled DNA samples (10–28 animals per lane) overestimated similarity values (S) between different breeds. Average similarity values within groups (based on RFLPs of individuals) ränge from 0.42–0.61, while similarity values between different groups ränge from 0.36–0.47. The results indicated that native Thüringer Wald Ziege are different from the Toggenburger goats.The Heterozygosity index (H) for each breed calculated from (GTG)5 fingerprints (H = 0.42–0.62) were in good agreement (negative correlated) with band sharing valve. These H values are lower than those obtained in a similar study of 19 sheep breeds in which the ränge was (0.68–0.82). The goat breed with the highest H value was the Bunte Deutsche Edelziege (H = 0,62). Ranking the breeds by heterozygosity index and by inversely band sharing index gives: BDE > German TOGO > WDE, TWZ > Swiss TOGO. The results are discussed with respect to breeding programs and the influence of small population size.

On the Behaviour of Wireworms of the Genus Agriotes Esch. (Coleoptera, Elateridae) in Relation to Temperature

1945 ◽  
Vol 21 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 17-32
Author(s):  
D. S. FALCONER
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Vertical Movements ◽  
Temperature Boundary ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Direction Of Movement ◽  
Burrowing Activity ◽  
Response To Change ◽  
The Relationship

1. The highest temperature which wireworms could withstand for an indefinite period without becoming paralysed was found to be between 35 and 36°C. The resistance to high temperature was not influenced by the previous temperature. 2. The resistance of wireworms to low temperature was found to be greatly influenced by the rate at which the temperature was reduced. When the temperature fell rapidly, all were killed by 6 days' exposure to -3°C., and by 4 hr. exposure to -7°C. The resistance to low temperature was not increased by a previous exposure of 24 hr. at 0°C., when the subsequent fall of temperature was rapid. When the temperature was lowered in small stages, however, the resistance was considerably increased, and a few wireworms survived for at least a day at -10°C. 3. The published data of soil temperatures suggest that temperatures above 30°C. or below about -1°C. are not of regular occurrence in England, and it is concluded that wireworms in England are not normally liable to encounter lethal temperatures. II 4. The relationship between the wireworms' speed of crawling and the temperature was found to be nearly linear between 8 and 25°C. 5. Burrowing activity was uniformly greater at higher than at lower temperatures between 6 and 33°C. Temperature influenced the speed but not the continuity of the activity. After adaptation had taken place the burrowing activity was almost nil at 6°C. When subjected to a sudden fall of temperature from 16 to 6°C., the wireworms' burrowing activity in the first 2 hr. was significantly greater than it was at the same temperature 16 hr. later. 6. The weight of wheat eaten by wireworms was found to be greatest at 32°C., but feeding activity was most continuous at about 18°C. At 7°C. and at 34°C. little feeding took place. III 7. No vertical movements in response to gravity were exhibited by the wireworms under any conditions of temperature. 8. When given a choice of temperatures in an alternative-chamber apparatus, the wireworms showed a clear preference for 17°C. as against 11.5 and 21°C. or higher temperatures. The temperature preference was not found to be influenced to any great extent by the previous perature. 9. The mechanism by which the wireworms reacted at a temperature boundary was of the nature of a ‘shock reaction’, their direction of movement being reversed. No evidence of a klinokinetic response to change of temperature was obtained from wireworms burrowing in sand.

Food intake, feeding rhythm, and body mass regulation in Svalbard rock ptarmigan

1986 ◽  
Vol 251 (2) ◽  
pp. R264-R267 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Stokkan ◽  
A. Mortensen ◽  
A. S. Blix
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Light Period ◽  
Rock Ptarmigan ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Body Mass Regulation ◽  
Feeding Rhythm

Food intake (FI), feeding activity (FA), and body mass (BM) were recorded continuously throughout a 13-mo period in Svalbard rock ptarmigan kept under natural conditions of light and ambient temperature at Svalbard (79 degrees N). FI was persistently high from March until August, including the period when daylight is continuous, whereas it was low from November until January, when it is permanently dark. From August until November, BM doubled, while FI dropped to one-third. BM fell rapidly from mid-November until April despite a doubling of FI from February until March. From August until mid-November and from February until mid-April FA occurred mainly during the light period of the day. From late November until February and from mid-April until August intermittent FA occurred continuously. It is suggested that the seasonal changes in BM are not determined by FI alone but depend heavily on seasonal changes in locomotor activity as reflected in FA.

Muscular Activity of the Mantle of Sepia and Loligo (Cephalopoda) During Respiratory Movements and Jetting, and Its Physiological Interpretation

1974 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-419
Author(s):  
A. PACKARD ◽  
E. R. TRUEMAN
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Mantle Cavity ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Respiratory Movements

1. The action of the mantle of Sepia and Loligo has been monitored under nearly natural conditions. Respiratory movements are confined to the anterior mantle whilst during jet cycles the circular muscles contract powerfully throughout the mantle. 2. Contraction of circular muscle results in thickening of the mantle and expulsion of water from the mantle cavity. Activity of radial muscles causes the mantle to become thinner and to expand in surface area so as to inhale water. 3. During such movements these two groups of muscles antagonize each other directly without the participation of a discrete skeleton.

scholarly journals Behaviour and production of fattening rabbits in colony cages, with and without environmental enrichment

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 301 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. LUZI ◽  
P. A. MARTINO ◽  
M. VERGA
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Video Recording ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Induce Stress ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Cage Size ◽  
And Control

In intensive rabbit husbandry systems animals are usually housed in 2 place-cages without any kind of environmental enrichment. This system may induce stress due to boredom. To reduce stress, both colony cages and the presence of something to gnaw inside the cage may be useful. The aim of this research was to test the effect of environmental enrichment (presence of a piece of wood inside the cage) on performance and health of fattening rabbits, i.e. presence of body injuries. This trial has been carried out in a commercial farm, located in Northern of Italy (Piemonte region), during the summer of year 2002. The ventilation and the photoperiod were under natural conditions. Animals were housed in colony cages (12 cages, 8 animals per cage; cage size: 50x120x40 cm; density: 0.750 cm2 per animal) in semi plain-air conditions. Animals' behaviour was video-recorded during 72 hours (24 hours for 3 days) at 55, 70 and 83 days of age. The video recording covered 48 rabbits for each treatment: environmental enrichment and control group. Animals were weighted at 55, 70, 85 days; the carcass weight and yield were also analysed. Daily weight gain (49.6±2.7g vs 46.18±5.6g) and weight at slaughtering (2973.18±34.09g vs 2834.68±34.45g, P<0.01) were heavier in enriched cages than in control groups. The carcass yield was not different between the groups (62.2%); no injuries were detected on the carcass surface during the slaughter processing on both the environmental and control groups. In the first period (55 days of age) the enriched rabbits were more active than the control ones; in detail, the behaviours lying and lying stretched were significandy lower (P<0.001 and P<0.05, respectively). Furthermore, the enriched rabbits showed a trend to a better feeding activity, maybe linked to a total higher activity. In the second (70 days of age) and third period (83 days of age) the enriched rabbits showed higher feeding behaviour and caecotrophy levels (P<0.05). In the present research, the results show that to give rabbits a hanging wood from the cage ceiling may improve their biological functioning and increase their growth rate without deteriorate their health status. As regards the behaviour of rabbit caged, the results showed that the environmental enrichment might affect their behaviour and increase their welfare.

Oscillator Strength Measurements in the Vacuum-Ultraviolet by the Emission Method

1988 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 353-356
Author(s):  
C. Goldbach ◽  
G. Nollez
Keyword(s):  
Oscillator Strength ◽  
Vacuum Ultraviolet ◽  
Oscillator Strengths ◽  
Emission Method ◽  
Absolute Scale ◽  
Good Agreement

AbstractThe principles and the realization of an experiment devoted to oscillator strength measurements in the vacuum-ultraviolet by the emission method are briefly presented. The results obtained for the strong multiplets of neutral nitrogen and carbon in the 1200-2000 Å range yield an absolute scale of oscillator strengths in good agreement with the most recent calculations.

A High Voltage Electron Microscopy Study of Sub-Oxide Formation in Vanadium

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 212-213
Author(s):  
R. H. Geiss ◽  
R. L. Ladd ◽  
K. R. Lawless
Keyword(s):  
High Vacuum ◽  
Microscopy Study ◽  
Electron Microscopy Study ◽  
Ultra High Vacuum ◽  
Pure Oxygen ◽  
Pressure Oxidation ◽  
High Voltage Electron Microscopy ◽  
Oxidation Study ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
Good Agreement

Detailed electron microscope and diffraction studies of the sub-oxides of vanadium have been reported by Cambini and co-workers, and an oxidation study, possibly complicated by carbon and/or nitrogen, has been published by Edington and Smallman. The results reported by these different authors are not in good agreement. For this study, high purity polycrystalline vanadium samples were electrochemically thinned in a dual jet polisher using a solution of 20% H2SO4, 80% CH3OH, and then oxidized in an ion-pumped ultra-high vacuum reactor system using spectroscopically pure oxygen. Samples were oxidized at 350°C and 100μ oxygen pressure for periods of 30,60,90 and 160 minutes. Since our primary interest is in the mechanism of the low pressure oxidation process, the oxidized samples were cooled rapidly and not homogenized. The specimens were then examined in the HVEM at voltages up to 500 kV, the higher voltages being necessary to examine thick sections for which the oxidation behavior was more characteristic of the bulk.

Diagnostic Value of Electron Microscopy in Soft Tissue Tumors

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 220-221
Author(s):  
Gerald Fine ◽  
Azorides R. Morales
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Myxoma ◽  
Osteogenic Sarcoma ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Soft Tissue Tumors ◽  
Amelanotic Melanoma ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Light Microscopic Level ◽  
Mesenchymal Tumors ◽  
Good Agreement

For years the separation of carcinoma and sarcoma and the subclassification of sarcomas has been based on the appearance of the tumor cells and their microscopic growth pattern and information derived from certain histochemical and special stains. Although this method of study has produced good agreement among pathologists in the separation of carcinoma from sarcoma, it has given less uniform results in the subclassification of sarcomas. There remain examples of neoplasms of different histogenesis, the classification of which is questionable because of similar cytologic and growth patterns at the light microscopic level; i.e. amelanotic melanoma versus carcinoma and occasionally sarcoma, sarcomas with an epithelial pattern of growth simulating carcinoma, histologically similar mesenchymal tumors of different histogenesis (histiocytoma versus rhabdomyosarcoma, lytic osteogenic sarcoma versus rhabdomyosarcoma), and myxomatous mesenchymal tumors of diverse histogenesis (myxoid rhabdo and liposarcomas, cardiac myxoma, myxoid neurofibroma, etc.)

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