scholarly journals Short-term, but not long-term, increased daytime workload leads to decreased night-time energetics in a free-living song bird

2019 ◽  
Vol 222 (14) ◽  
pp. jeb199513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel E. Visser ◽  
Coby van Dooremalen ◽  
Barbara M. Tomotani ◽  
Andrey Bushuev ◽  
Harro A. J. Meijer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Short Term ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Song Bird

Investigation of window-opening behaviour and indoor air quality in dwellings situated in the temperate zone in China

2020 ◽  
pp. 1420326X2092474
Author(s):  
Tingxuan Deng ◽  
Xiong Shen ◽  
Xiaojie Cheng ◽  
Junjie Liu
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Temperate Zone ◽  
World Health ◽  
Formaldehyde Concentration ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Window Opening

Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a key factor that could affect the indoor environment and people's health. In this study, we report a comprehensive study on IAQ in 30 dwellings in the temperate zone in China. Thirty naturally ventilated dwellings were selected in the urban area of Kunming, which is the largest city in temperate zone in China. In four seasons, short-term measurement of formaldehyde and benzene, toluene, xylenes-volatile organic compounds and air infiltration rate were conducted in these dwellings. A long-term 1-year monitoring of temperature, relative humidity, fine particulate matter (PM2.5), carbon dioxide (CO2), window-opening behaviour and night-time air change rate (ACR) were conducted in 13 of these dwellings by remote sensors. Short-term measurements showed the mean formaldehyde concentration in summer (100.76 μg/m3), benzene concentration in winter (8.46 µg/m3), PM2.5 concentration (80.4 µg/m3) in spring of 2017 exceeded the Chinese standard, the US Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment value and the World Health Organization guidelines. The night-time ACR was the highest in summer (2.1 h−1) and the lowest in winter (1.6 h−1) in bedrooms of 13 long-term monitored dwellings due to seasonal time variation in window opening in bedrooms, which was mainly driven by CO2 concentration, indoor temperature and outdoor PM10 concentration.

Short-term and long-term variability of indices related to nutritional status. I: Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, and Zn.

1989 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
S K Gallagher ◽  
L K Johnson ◽  
D B Milne
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Metabolic Unit ◽  
Biological Component ◽  
Analytical Variation

Abstract Five free-living women (ages 28-38 y) and five women (ages 23-44 y) residing in a metabolic unit and eating a constant diet were assessed for variation in indices related to mineral nutrition. Blood was sampled once a month for five months, once a week for five weeks, and once a day for five days to assess analytical and biological variability. Analytical variability was determined by using concurrently run duplicate control samples prepared from plasma or serum pools. Of the measured indices, serum ferritin varied most, with intra-individual variance of 4.72% to 18.0%. Much of this variance may have been because of changes in iron status or in the analytical technique used. Intra-individual month-to-month variance for other indices ranged from 17% for superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) to 1.5% for calcium. Correction for long-term analytical variation indicated that most of the variance was associated with the biological component. The higher biological variabilities of some indices, including ferritin or superoxide dismutase, need to be considered when nutritional status is being evaluated or when serial observations are made over a protracted period in clinical studies or trials.

Effect of disturbances on trophic groups in soil nematode assemblages

Nematology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 553-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert McSorley
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cover ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Soil Nematode ◽  
Trophic Groups ◽  
Bare Ground ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Free Living Nematode ◽  
A Site

AbstractFree-living nematodes in soil ecosystems are vital in the decomposition of organic matter and recycling of nutrients. The effects of various types of disturbances on nematode assemblages were examined in several experiments on a single soil: a short-term detrimental disturbance from solarisation, a short-term beneficial disturbance from amendment addition, and a long-term detrimental disturbance from bare ground without plant cover. Comparison of solarised and non-solarised field plots revealed lower numbers of fungivores in solarised plots. As a result, indices involving ratios of fungivores to bacterivores and fungivores to total free-living nematodes were decreased as well. Addition of an amendment increased numbers of bacterivores. This change was also reflected in calculated indices that expressed trophic groups as percentages of the total free-living nematodes. A severely disturbed site with bare ground that was without plant cover for more than 5 years was compared with an adjacent site maintained in grass. No plant-parasitic nematodes were recovered from the bare ground site, which contained lower numbers of nematodes in all trophic groups than the grass site. However, the structure of the free-living nematode assemblages in both sites was similar, as indicated by the proportions of various trophic groups and by ratios of fungivores and bacterivores. The free-living nematode assemblage in a site with a perceived severe long-term disturbance maintained a trophic structure similar to a site with perennial plant cover.

Modelling the effectiveness of vaccination in controlling bovine tuberculosis in wild boar

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy G. Anderson ◽  
Christian Gortázar ◽  
Joaquin Vicente ◽  
Michael R. Hutchings ◽  
Piran C. L. White
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Vaccination Strategy ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Western Spain

Context Bovine tuberculosis is a persistent disease of livestock in many parts of the world, especially where wildlife hosts co-exist with livestock. In south-western Spain, despite the widespread implementation of test-and-cull strategies for cattle, the herd prevalence in areas with high wild boar densities remains stable. The control of M. bovis infection in wild boar is likely to be essential for effective disease control in livestock. Methods We developed an individual-based model to evaluate whether vaccinating wild boar piglets with oral bait would be an effective strategy to reduce the prevalence of M. bovis infection in wild boar populations. Specifically, we quantified the proportion of piglets requiring vaccination and the number of years the vaccination programme would need to continue to eradicate bTB from wild boar within 25 years, comparing ‘managed’ populations on hunting estates where supplementary food is provided, with ‘unmanaged’, free-living populations. Successful vaccination was defined as the proportion of piglets that were delivered the vaccine and were effectively protected from infection. Key results Longer-term (25-year) vaccination strategies were more successful than short-term (5-year) strategies at either eradicating M. bovis or reducing it to below 90% of its original prevalence. M. bovis infection could be eradicated under a 25-year vaccination strategy if 80% of piglets were vaccinated in a managed population or 70% of piglets were vaccinated in an unmanaged population. In contrast, 5-year strategies in which 80% of piglets were vaccinated reduced the prevalence of M. bovis only by 27% or 8% in the managed and unmanaged populations, respectively. Conclusions The results of our simulation model, coupled with the promising results of initial vaccine and oral bait-uptake trials in wild boar indicated that vaccination could be an effective strategy to reduce the prevalence of M. bovis infection in wild boar if used in conjunction with other disease-control measures. Implications The vaccination of piglets over a long-term period has the potential to make an important contribution to the eradication of M. bovis infection from wild boar reservoirs in southern Spain.

Plant-parasitic and free-living nematodes from organically farmed fields in Illinois and Wisconsin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaeyeong Han ◽  
Carmen Ugarte ◽  
Mario Nunez Flores ◽  
Maicynn Hansen ◽  
Roger Bowen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Damage Threshold ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Certified Organic ◽  
Central Illinois ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Plant-parasitic nematodes feed on soybean roots resulting in potential yield losses. Surveys of nematodes in certified organic soybean fields have been infrequent compared to surveys in non-organic soybean fields. We conducted a nematode survey from certified organic soybean fields in northern and central Illinois and southern Wisconsin to determine the frequency and population densities of plant-parasitic and free-living nematodes. Fields surveyed included both long-term (with soybean planted every 5th year or longer in the rotation) and short-term (with soybean planted every 3rd year of the rotation). A total of 27 composite soil samples each consisting of multiple cores to a depth of 20-cm were collected from 14 fields in 2019. Common plant-parasitic nematode taxa included spiral (Helicotylenchus spp.), lesion (Pratylenchus spp.), cyst (Heteroderidae), stunt (Tylenchorhynchus spp.), dagger (Xiphinema spp.), and pin nematodes (Paratylenchus spp.). Among the taxa, spiral, lesion and dagger nematodes were above previously reported damage threshold levels in some fields. From the summer season sampled soils, cyst nematode population densities and nematode abundance were significantly higher and lower, respectively, from fields under short-term versus long-term rotation with soybean. From the fall season sampled soils, the Structure Index but not the other diversity and community indices of free-living nematodes were significantly higher from fields under long-term versus short-term rotation with soybean. Overall, these results provide evidence for the occurrence of plant-parasitic and free-living nematodes from organically farmed soybean fields in Illinois and Wisconsin that varied in rotation length.

Songbirds never forget: long-lasting behavioural change triggered by a single playback event

Behaviour ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 152 (9) ◽  
pp. 1277-1290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hector Fabio Rivera-Gutierrez ◽  
Rianne Pinxten ◽  
Marcel Eens
Keyword(s):  
Behavioural Change ◽  
Great Tit ◽  
Playback Experiments ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Repeated Stimulation ◽  
Locomotor Behaviour ◽  
One Year

Many behavioural studies rely on playback experiments. While it is known that songbirds decrease behavioural responses after short-term repeated stimulation, long-term behavioural changes due to playbacks are unknown. We studied the response to playbacks in a free-living songbird in the long-term, while also studying the repeatability of the behaviour. Locomotor behaviour (a proxy of aggressiveness) decreased one year after first exposure to a single playback. Song response, however, remained consistent, suggesting that these two behaviours may provide different information. Locomotor behaviour was less repeatable than the song response to playback, the latter showing significant between-years repeatability. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to report long-term decrease in response to playbacks in a songbird, and that some aspects of the response to playback are repeatable. Similar studies in other species or populations of the great tit are important, to examine the generality of our findings.

Personality correlates with contextual plasticity in a free-living, long-lived seabird

Behaviour ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 151 (9) ◽  
pp. 1281-1311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacquelyn K. Grace ◽  
David J. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Behavioural Syndrome ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Quality Model ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Novel Objects ◽  
Highly Correlated

Despite a rapid increase in animal personality research, critical gaps remain. We have little knowledge of the long-term (as opposed to short-term) consistency of personality and the relationships between personality and behavioural flexibility in wild, free-living animals. This study investigates personality (i.e., consistent inter-individual differences in behaviour) and contextual plasticity (i.e., plasticity in behaviour between contexts) of these traits in the Nazca booby (Sula granti), a long-lived, free-living seabird. We tested birds for personality in the field, during incubation, using a human intruder test, two novel object tests, and a social stimulus test (mirror), and determined repeatability of behavioural traits both within-season (short-term) and between several years (long-term). We found high short- and long-term repeatability of aggressive and anxiety-related behaviours when confronted with a nest intruder and novel objects, but lower repeatability during social stimulation. Contextual plasticity was highly repeatable across years for aggressive behaviours, and low for anxiety-related behaviours. Plasticity did not correlate across behaviours into a ‘meta-personality’ trait. Contextual plasticity in behavioural traits was highly correlated with the expression of those traits, suggesting that individuals are able to both react strongly and modify their behaviour depending on context, perhaps due to consistent differences in individual quality. Model selection exercises using structural equation models evaluated the relationships between personality factors, indicating a behavioural syndrome in which anxiety- or agitation-related behaviours covary strongly and positively, and both covary weakly and negatively with aggression.

scholarly journals Day and Night Changes of Cardiovascular Complexity: A Multi-Fractal Multi-Scale Analysis

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 462
Author(s):  
Paolo Castiglioni ◽  
Stefano Omboni ◽  
Gianfranco Parati ◽  
Andrea Faini
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Rehabilitation Medicine ◽  
Fluctuation Analysis ◽  
Multiscale Approach ◽  
Similarity Coefficients ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Nonlinear Components

Recently, a multifractal-multiscale approach to detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) was proposed to evaluate the cardiovascular fractal dynamics providing a surface of self-similarity coefficients α(q,τ), function of the scale τ, and moment order q. We hypothesize that this versatile DFA approach may reflect the cardiocirculatory adaptations in complexity and nonlinearity occurring during the day/night cycle. Our aim is, therefore, to quantify how α(q, τ) surfaces of cardiovascular series differ between daytime and night-time. We estimated α(q,τ) with −5 ≤ q ≤ 5 and 8 ≤ τ ≤ 2048 s for heart rate and blood pressure beat-to-beat series over periods of few hours during daytime wake and night-time sleep in 14 healthy participants. From the α(q,τ) surfaces, we estimated short-term (<16 s) and long-term (from 16 to 512 s) multifractal coefficients. Generating phase-shuffled surrogate series, we evaluated short-term and long-term indices of nonlinearity for each q. We found a long-term night/day modulation of α(q,τ) between 128 and 256 s affecting heart rate and blood pressure similarly, and multifractal short-term modulations at q < 0 for the heart rate and at q > 0 for the blood pressure. Consistent nonlinearity appeared at the shorter scales at night excluding q = 2. Long-term circadian modulations of the heart rate DFA were previously associated with the cardiac vulnerability period and our results may improve the risk stratification indicating the more relevant α(q,τ) area reflecting this rhythm. Furthermore, nonlinear components in the nocturnal α(q,τ) at q ≠ 2 suggest that DFA may effectively integrate the linear spectral information with complexity-domain information, possibly improving the monitoring of cardiac interventions and protocols of rehabilitation medicine.

Conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) supports core claims of Christiansen and Chater

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Rapid Serial Visual Presentation ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Use Of Knowledge

AbstractRapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of words or pictured scenes provides evidence for a large-capacity conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) that momentarily provides rich associated material from long-term memory, permitting rapid chunking (Potter 1993; 2009; 2012). In perception of scenes as well as language comprehension, we make use of knowledge that briefly exceeds the supposed limits of working memory.

Ultrastructural investigations of MDL 19,660-induced effects on the canine platelet and megakaryocyte

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-375
Author(s):  
D.E. Loudy ◽  
J. Sprinkle-Cavallo ◽  
J.T. Yarrington ◽  
F.Y. Thompson ◽  
J.P. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Antidepressant Drug ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Platelet Counts ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Induced Aggregation ◽  
Internal Architecture

Previous short term toxicological studies of one to two weeks duration have demonstrated that MDL 19,660 (5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,4-dihydro-2,4-dimethyl-3Hl, 2,4-triazole-3-thione), an antidepressant drug, causes a dose-related thrombocytopenia in dogs. Platelet counts started to decline after two days of dosing with 30 mg/kg/day and continued to decrease to their lowest levels by 5-7 days. The loss in platelets was primarily of the small discoid subpopulation. In vitro studies have also indicated that MDL 19,660: does not spontaneously aggregate canine platelets and has moderate antiaggregating properties by inhibiting ADP-induced aggregation. The objectives of the present investigation of MDL 19,660 were to evaluate ultrastructurally long term effects on platelet internal architecture and changes in subpopulations of platelets and megakaryocytes.Nine male and nine female beagle dogs were divided equally into three groups and were administered orally 0, 15, or 30 mg/kg/day of MDL 19,660 for three months. Compared to a control platelet range of 353,000- 452,000/μl, a doserelated thrombocytopenia reached a maximum severity of an average of 135,000/μl for the 15 mg/kg/day dogs after two weeks and 81,000/μl for the 30 mg/kg/day dogs after one week.

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