scholarly journals Correction: Flight control of fruit flies: dynamic response to optic flow and headwind (doi:10.1242/jeb.153056)

2018 ◽  
Vol 221 (15) ◽  
pp. jeb189720
Author(s):  
Kiaran K. K. Lawson ◽  
Mandyam V. Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Response ◽  
Flight Control ◽  
Optic Flow ◽  
Fruit Flies

scholarly journals Flight control of fruit flies: dynamic response to optic flow and headwind

2017 ◽  
Vol 220 (11) ◽  
pp. 2005-2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiaran K. K. Lawson ◽  
Mandyam V. Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Response ◽  
Flight Control ◽  
Optic Flow ◽  
Fruit Flies

Pitching Dynamic Response of Variable Sweep Wing Aircraft

2012 ◽  
Vol 197 ◽  
pp. 159-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lai Bin Xu ◽  
Shu Xing Yang ◽  
Bo Mo
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Response ◽  
Flight Control ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Center Of Gravity ◽  
Moment Of Inertia ◽  
Morphing Wing ◽  
Wing Morphing

The dynamic response of Variable Sweep Wing Aircraft (VSWA) with the wing sweeping is presented. The center of gravity (cg) of the aircraft, location of each wing partition , and moment of inertia alter significantly due to the wing morphing, resulting in considerably change of the dynamics of the aircraft. The extended equations of motion (EOMs) suitable for morphing wing aircraft are derived. Compared with the traditional EOMs, there are 4 additional forces and moments exhibiting in the extended EOMs due to the wing morphing. The results show that the additional forces and moments can affect the flight control considerably.

scholarly journals The effect of optic flow cues on honeybee flight control in wind

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1943) ◽  
pp. 20203051
Author(s):  
Emily Baird ◽  
Norbert Boeddeker ◽  
Mandyam V. Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Flight Control ◽  
Optic Flow ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Transverse Component ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Ground Speed ◽  
Simple Strategy ◽  
Longitudinal Optic ◽  
Transverse Optic ◽  
Robust Systems

To minimize the risk of colliding with the ground or other obstacles, flying animals need to control both their ground speed and ground height. This task is particularly challenging in wind, where head winds require an animal to increase its airspeed to maintain a constant ground speed and tail winds may generate negative airspeeds, rendering flight more difficult to control. In this study, we investigate how head and tail winds affect flight control in the honeybee Apis mellifera , which is known to rely on the pattern of visual motion generated across the eye—known as optic flow—to maintain constant ground speeds and heights. We find that, when provided with both longitudinal and transverse optic flow cues (in or perpendicular to the direction of flight, respectively), honeybees maintain a constant ground speed but fly lower in head winds and higher in tail winds, a response that is also observed when longitudinal optic flow cues are minimized. When the transverse component of optic flow is minimized, or when all optic flow cues are minimized, the effect of wind on ground height is abolished. We propose that the regular sidewards oscillations that the bees make as they fly may be used to extract information about the distance to the ground, independently of the longitudinal optic flow that they use for ground speed control. This computationally simple strategy could have potential uses in the development of lightweight and robust systems for guiding autonomous flying vehicles in natural environments.

scholarly journals The role of optic flow pooling in insect flight control in cluttered environments

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Lecoeur ◽  
Marie Dacke ◽  
Dario Floreano ◽  
Emily Baird
Keyword(s):  
Flight Control ◽  
Optic Flow ◽  
Insect Flight ◽  
Cluttered Environments

scholarly journals The influence of visual landscape on the free flight behavior of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lance F. Tammero ◽  
Michael H. Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Flight Control ◽  
Optic Flow ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Flight Behavior ◽  
Large Field ◽  
Visual Environment ◽  
Free Flight ◽  
Visual Contrast

SUMMARY To study the visual cues that control steering behavior in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, we reconstructed three-dimensional trajectories from images taken by stereo infrared video cameras during free flight within structured visual landscapes. Flies move through their environment using a series of straight flight segments separated by rapid turns, termed saccades, during which the fly alters course by approximately 90° in less than 100 ms. Altering the amount of background visual contrast caused significant changes in the fly’s translational velocity and saccade frequency. Between saccades, asymmetries in the estimates of optic flow induce gradual turns away from the side experiencing a greater motion stimulus, a behavior opposite to that predicted by a flight control model based upon optomotor equilibrium. To determine which features of visual motion trigger saccades, we reconstructed the visual environment from the fly’s perspective for each position in the flight trajectory. From these reconstructions, we modeled the fly’s estimation of optic flow on the basis of a two-dimensional array of Hassenstein–Reichardt elementary motion detectors and, through spatial summation, the large-field motion stimuli experienced by the fly during the course of its flight. Event-triggered averages of the large-field motion preceding each saccade suggest that image expansion is the signal that triggers each saccade. The asymmetry in output of the local motion detector array prior to each saccade influences the direction (left versus right) but not the magnitude of the rapid turn. Once initiated, visual feedback does not appear to influence saccade kinematics further. The total expansion experienced before a saccade was similar for flight within both uniform and visually textured backgrounds. In summary, our data suggest that complex behavioral patterns seen during free flight emerge from interactions between the flight control system and the visual environment.

scholarly journals Pose Estimation of Free-Flying Fruit Flies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omri Ben-Dov ◽  
Tsevi Beatus
Keyword(s):  
Pose Estimation ◽  
Flight Control ◽  
Sensory Integration ◽  
High Speed ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Insect Flight ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Free Flight ◽  
Kinematic Data ◽  
Wing Deformation

AbstractInsect flight is a complex interdisciplinary phenomenon. Understanding its multiple aspects, such as flight control, sensory integration and genetics, often requires the analysis of large amounts of free flight kinematic data. Yet, one of the main bottlenecks in this field is automatically and accurately extracting such data from multi-view videos. Here, we present a model-based method for pose-estimation of free-flying fruit flies from multi-view high-speed videos. To obtain a faithful representation of the fly with minimum free parameters, our method uses a 3D model that mimics two new aspects of wing deformation: a non-fixed wing hinge and a twisting wing surface. The method is demonstrated for free and perturbed flight. Our method does not use prior assumptions on the kinematics apart from the continuity of one wing angle. Hence, this method can be readily adjusted for other insect species.

scholarly journals Honeybee navigation en route to the goal: visual flight control and odometry

1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (1) ◽  
pp. 237-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Srinivasan ◽  
S Zhang ◽  
M Lehrer ◽  
T Collett
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Apparent Motion ◽  
Flight Control ◽  
Optic Flow ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Wind Load ◽  
Optomotor Response ◽  
Visual World ◽  
Image Velocity ◽  
Average Image

Recent research has uncovered a number of different ways in which bees use cues derived from optic flow for navigational purposes. The distance flown to a food source is gauged by integrating the apparent motion of the visual world that is experienced en route. In other words, bees possess a visually driven 'odometer' that is robust to variations in wind load and energy expenditure. Bees flying through a tunnel maintain equidistance to the flanking walls by balancing the apparent speeds of the images of the walls. This strategy enables them to negotiate narrow passages or to fly between obstacles. The speed of flight in a tunnel is controlled by holding constant the average image velocity as seen by the two eyes. This avoids potential collisions by ensuring that the bee slows down when flying through narrow passages. Bees landing on a horizontal surface hold constant the image velocity of the surface as they approach it. This automatically ensures that flight speed decreases with altitude and is close to zero at touchdown. The movement-sensitive mechanisms underlying these various behaviours seem to be different, qualitatively as well as quantitatively, from those mediating the well-investigated optomotor response.

What Drives Bird Senses?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham R. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Flow Field ◽  
Binocular Vision ◽  
Flight Control ◽  
Optic Flow ◽  
Visual Fields ◽  
Predator Detection ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Primary Driver ◽  
Prime Function

Many tasks could drive the evolution of bird sensory systems. Key candidates are flight, foraging, predator detection, and reproduction. Comparative analysis of visual fields and retinal structures shows functionally significant differences in the vision of even closely related species. These are best explained by foraging being the primary driver of vision in birds, and this is traded-off against the demands of predator detection. The key task is the control of bill position and timing its arrival at a target. This is achieved by the extraction of information from the optic flow-field which expands symmetrically about the bill when it is travelling towards a target. The provision of such flow-fields is the prime function of binocular vision. Informational demands for flight control are met within constraints determined by those for precise bill control. Other sensory capacities also appear to be driven primarily by the informational demands of foraging.

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