THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTRACELLULAR pH AND SEASONAL TEMPERATURE IN THE BROWN TROUT SALMO TRUTTA

1993 ◽  
Vol 177 (1) ◽  
pp. 293-297
Author(s):  
P. J. Butler ◽  
N. Day
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Intracellular Ph ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Neutral Ph ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta ◽  
The Relationship

Early studies on reptiles demonstrated that plasma pH increases as body temperature falls (Robin, 1962). Rahn (1967) proposed that plasma pH in all poikilothermic vertebrates is regulated as body temperature changes so as to maintain a constant relative alkalinity, i.e. a constant [OH-]/[H+] ratio, and Reeves (1972) suggested a way in which this could be achieved. Known as the ‘imidazole alphastat hypothesis’, it postulates that PCO2 is regulated (by way of ventilation) so that the fractional dissociation (alpha) of the imidazole moiety of histidine is kept constant. As the pK' of imidazole changes with temperature in about the same manner as the neutral pH of water (Heisler, 1986), the alphastat hypothesis is consistent with that of constant relative alkalinity.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTRACELLULAR pH AND SWIMMING PERFORMANCE OF BROWN TROUT EXPOSED TO NEUTRAL AND SUBLETHAL pH

1993 ◽  
Vol 176 (1) ◽  
pp. 271-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Butler ◽  
N. Day
Keyword(s):  
Intracellular Ph ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Plasma Catecholamines ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Arterial Pco2 ◽  
Neutral Ph ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
A Current

Adult brown trout were acclimated for 2–4 weeks to artificial soft water ([Ca2+] 25 micromolar) at neutral pH and at summer (15°C) temperature. During this period they swam against a current of approximately 0.25 m s-1. They then had their dorsal aorta cannulated and were exposed to neutral or sublethal pH (4.5) for 4 days in still water. After 4 days of exposure to sublethal pH, critical swimming speed (Ucrit) was 35 % lower than that for fish at neutral pH. There were significant increases in arterial PCO2 and in blood lactate concentrations at Ucrit compared with the values in resting fish at neutral pH and these led to significant reductions in plasma pH. There were no such changes in fish at sublethal pH. There were no significant changes in intracellular pH (pHi) of red blood cells at Ucrit, probably as a result of increases in the levels of plasma catecholamines. There were significant reductions in pHi of red and white muscle fibres at Ucrit. It is argued that these values were not as low in the white fibres as those seen in previous studies after fish have been chased to exhaustion and, therefore, that the fish in the present study were not completely exhausted, although they would no longer swim at a steady speed. As pHi of the red muscle was the same at Ucrit for fish at neutral and at sublethal pH, it is suggested that Ucrit (fatigue) coincides with a particular pHi of the red muscles and possible mechanisms are discussed.

Breaking the speed limit — comparative sprinting performance of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and brown trout (Salmo trutta)

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 280-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore Castro-Santos ◽  
Francisco Javier Sanz-Ronda ◽  
Jorge Ruiz-Legazpi
Keyword(s):  
Brown Trout ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Physiological Limits ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Sprint Swimming

Sprinting behavior of free-ranging fish has long been thought to exceed that of captive fish. Here we present data from wild-caught brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and brown trout (Salmo trutta), volitionally entering and sprinting against high-velocity flows in an open-channel flume. Performance of the two species was nearly identical, with the species attaining absolute speeds > 25 body lengths·s−1. These speeds far exceed previously published observations for any salmonid species and contribute to the mounting evidence that commonly accepted estimates of swimming performance are low. Brook trout demonstrated two distinct modes in the relationship between swim speed and fatigue time, similar to the shift from prolonged to sprint mode described by other authors, but in this case occurring at speeds > 19 body lengths·s−1. This is the first demonstration of multiple modes of sprint swimming at such high swim speeds. Neither species optimized for distance maximization, however, indicating that physiological limits alone are poor predictors of swimming performance. By combining distributions of volitional swim speeds with endurance, we were able to account for >80% of the variation in distance traversed by both species.

Environmental acidity and white muscle recruitment during swimming in the brown trout (Salmo trutta)

1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (9) ◽  
pp. 1947-1959
Author(s):  
N Day ◽  
P Butler
Keyword(s):  
Brown Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Muscle Recruitment ◽  
Neutral Ph ◽  
Exercise Period ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta ◽  
Burst Swimming ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Glycogen Stores

Electromyographic recordings show that, for adult brown trout swum up to their critical swimming speed (Ucrit) in a flume at neutral pH, white muscle recruitment occurred when speeds approached 1 body length s-1 (BL s-1) and continued to Ucrit (approximately 2 BL s-1) at both winter (5 °C) and summer (15 °C) acclimation temperatures. However, in the majority of fish swum up to Ucrit at sublethal acidic pH, continuous white muscle recruitment did not occur, although all swam above 1 BL s-1. Any observed electrical activity of the white muscle in these individuals was, at best, intermittent. Consequently, the mean Ucrit of these fish was approximately half that of fish swum at neutral pH. In all fish at sublethal pH, red muscle activity was observed for the whole duration of the exercise period, showing that swimming speeds greater than 1 BL s-1 were achieved largely aerobically. Fish that were chased around a tank at sublethal pH appeared lethargic in their escape response, exhibiting little or no burst swimming. Other observed effects of exposure to sublethal pH, which may have affected swimming capacity, included increases in the resting levels of blood and muscle ammonia, reduced muscle glycogen stores and reduced muscle ion concentrations.

Relationship between gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity and downstream movement in domesticated and first-generation offspring of wild anadromous brown trout (Salmo trutta)

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (10) ◽  
pp. 2086-2095 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Aarestrup ◽  
Christian Nielsen ◽  
Steffen S Madsen
Keyword(s):  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Downstream Movement ◽  
Generation Offspring

The relationship between smolt status and downstream movement following release was investigated in two stocks of hatchery-reared anadromous brown trout (Salmo trutta). Yearlings from a domesticated stock (DS) and first-generation offspring (F1) of wild anadromous trout were held under identical conditions from August 1997 until the following spring, where they developed smolt characteristics as judged from increasing gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity. Presmolts (low Na+,K+-ATPase activity), smolts (high Na+,K+-ATPase activity), and desmolts (regressed Na+,K+-ATPase activity) were released on three occasions into the River Salten. Using both dye-marked and radiotagged fish, downstream movement was monitored by either trapping 3 km downstream (dye-marked fish) or radiotracking on a daily basis. The experiments showed a positive correlation between smolt status (gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity) and downstream movement. Gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity may therefore be used as an indicator of migratory readiness in brown trout. F1 and DS trout had the highest migration frequency when released as presmolts and smolts, respectively. Despite smaller size, F1 trout had similar or better survival than DS trout after release. Our data suggest that initiation of downstream movement is influenced by an interaction between the previous physiological development of the fish and a discrete level of water discharge or water temperature.

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