THE PLANT VACUOLE.

1992 ◽  
Vol 172 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Taiz
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Plant Defense ◽  
Proton Pump ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Proton Motive Force ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Multigene Families ◽  
Central Vacuole ◽  
Plant Vacuole

Plant cells are unique in containing large acidic vacuoles which occupy most of the cell volume. The vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) is the enzyme responsible for acidifying the central vacuole, although it is also present on Golgi and coated vesicles. Many secondary transport processes are driven by the proton-motive force generated by the V-ATPase, including reactions required for osmoregulation, homeostasis, storage, plant defense and many other functions. However, a second proton pump, the V-PPase, serves as a potential back-up system and may, in addition, pump potassium. The plant V-ATPase is structurally similar to other eukaryotic V-ATPases and its subunits appear to be encoded by small multigene families. These multigene families may play important roles in the regulation of gene expression and in the sorting of V-ATPase isoforms to different organelles.

scholarly journals Transcription Factors as the “Blitzkrieg” of Plant Defense: A Pragmatic View of Nitric Oxide’s Role in Gene Regulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 522
Author(s):  
Noreen Falak ◽  
Qari Muhammad Imran ◽  
Adil Hussain ◽  
Byung-Wook Yun
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Plant Defense ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Genetic Components ◽  
Transcriptional Changes

Plants are in continuous conflict with the environmental constraints and their sessile nature demands a fine-tuned, well-designed defense mechanism that can cope with a multitude of biotic and abiotic assaults. Therefore, plants have developed innate immunity, R-gene-mediated resistance, and systemic acquired resistance to ensure their survival. Transcription factors (TFs) are among the most important genetic components for the regulation of gene expression and several other biological processes. They bind to specific sequences in the DNA called transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) that are present in the regulatory regions of genes. Depending on the environmental conditions, TFs can either enhance or suppress transcriptional processes. In the last couple of decades, nitric oxide (NO) emerged as a crucial molecule for signaling and regulating biological processes. Here, we have overviewed the plant defense system, the role of TFs in mediating the defense response, and that how NO can manipulate transcriptional changes including direct post-translational modifications of TFs. We also propose that NO might regulate gene expression by regulating the recruitment of RNA polymerase during transcription.

Linking transcription, RNA polymerase II elongation and alternative splicing

2020 ◽  
Vol 477 (16) ◽  
pp. 3091-3104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciana E. Giono ◽  
Alberto R. Kornblihtt
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Alternative Splicing ◽  
Rna Polymerase Ii ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Transcription Elongation ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Regulation Of Transcription ◽  
Stepping Stones ◽  
Eukaryotic Transcription

Gene expression is an intricately regulated process that is at the basis of cell differentiation, the maintenance of cell identity and the cellular responses to environmental changes. Alternative splicing, the process by which multiple functionally distinct transcripts are generated from a single gene, is one of the main mechanisms that contribute to expand the coding capacity of genomes and help explain the level of complexity achieved by higher organisms. Eukaryotic transcription is subject to multiple layers of regulation both intrinsic — such as promoter structure — and dynamic, allowing the cell to respond to internal and external signals. Similarly, alternative splicing choices are affected by all of these aspects, mainly through the regulation of transcription elongation, making it a regulatory knob on a par with the regulation of gene expression levels. This review aims to recapitulate some of the history and stepping-stones that led to the paradigms held today about transcription and splicing regulation, with major focus on transcription elongation and its effect on alternative splicing.

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